Discussion Concerning the Principle Sources of Law in the UK

Discussion Concerning the Principle Sources of integrity in the UKThis essay pull up stakes consider the principle sources of truth in the UK, and how equity is make finished fan tan which is considered the supreme law making body, parking lot law or law made by judges, and European Union law (EU law). It will explain the different processes by which law can be changed and how law reform is produced by parliamentary and judicial activity. It will then show how Parliament takes into account affable, technological and economic changes when dealing with particularities of law reform through the law of nature Commission, Royal Commissions, and various member bills. It will also show how the terrace use version of the law to implement reform it in an opportunistic way case by case. Consideration will be given to EU law and how this affects the law making process.The British constitutution, unlike other constitutions throughout the world is an unwritten constitution. It is a creation of historical progress and plot galore(postnominal) of its sources ar written it re chief(prenominal)s uncodified. The constitution sets out how power should be balanced between the g all overning bodies.In the UK there ar three main sources of law, parliamentary law (statute law), Common law and EU law. Parliamentary law in the form of bouts, begin in a variety of ways as Bills, these be proposals for a new piece of legislation presented to Parliament and must go through various stages of agreement, by both the signboard of Commons and the house of Lords before being formally approved by the reigning sovereign, in the form of Royal Assent in order to become part of the UK Law. general Bills presented by a government minister affect the entire population and generally become kneads of Parliament, while Private Member Bills although similar are presented by non government ministers such as MPs or Lords. M whatever of these do non become law, only do raise overti ty around the issues they are concerned with. The Children achievement 2004 created a Childrens Commissioner for England in response to issues raised from a Private Members Bill (The reach University, 2011, p.101). A Private Bill is presented by other organisations such as private companies and affects only a minority of society. Bills may be passed because of a national emergency or in reaction to about(a) new technology. The Anti-Terrorism, Crime and auspices tour 2001, was created in direct response to the events of terrorist attacks on America on 11 September 2001. It allows for the indefinite detention without tribulation of foreign nationals who are suspected of posing a threat to the security of this country (The Daily Telegraph, 2003). However, this may be incompatible with the European Convention on gentle Rights (ECHR).During the law making process there are many influences on Parliament in the form of Law Commissions, Royal Commissions, and various stuff assorts . The Law Commission was established by The Law Commission Act 1965 as an independent body to reassess the existing law, recommend reforms and abolish senile laws or amend existing laws. Royal Commissions are advisory groups set up by Government to generally deal with non political issues. The introduction of the poisonous magical spell Act 1995 came about from recommendations from the commission when the Birmingham Six successfully had their credendums overturned.In the UK historically, the judiciary make law by way of contributing to the development of the leafy vegetable law. The legal principles are built on through the judicial systems by judges case by case over time, through an established practice of precedent known as stare decisis meaning to stand by decided cases. In the case of R v R 1992 1 AC 599, the House of Lords, which was the highest court until 2009, decided to over order previous precedent by recognising the offence of marital rape, however the House of Lo rds felt constrained to say they were changing the law, but were simply removing an error as to the true meaning of the law. Accurate law reporting through Year Books, The Law Reports, Weekly Lay Reports and European Law Reports, allows for this legal doctrine to be collated, identified and accessed.The doctrine of adhere precedent refers to the hierarchical structure of the court system, and means that a decision made in a higher court is binding on the courts below it, however, this can lead to the judiciary overstepping their constitutional role by actually making law instead of applying it. Judges can ensure that a statute is interpreted properly, giving flexibility without waiting for Parliaments prolonged processes. By the use of statutory commentary the judiciary can influence the law using rules developed over time, however, each rule can result in different decisions.Statutory interpretation is made up of four rules that the judiciary use when deciding on the outcome of a court case. By applying the literal rule, the judge considers what the statute actually says in its every day meaning and applies this, unless this would produce an outcome that was absurd, then the golden rule which allows the judiciary to look for another meaning for the words in the statue. The mischief rule gives more discretion as the judiciary can look at the law before the statute was created, in order to secure what mischief the statute was intended to deal with. With the purposive rule the court is not just looking at what the statute intended but also what they think Parliament meant to achieve.The UK courts are divided into a hierarchy which practices law at all levels, in both civil and criminal matters. The lowest court is the Magistrates Courts, followed by the Crown Court and County Courts, the High Court, the Court of Appeal and the highest court is the Supreme Court (formerly the House of Lords). The hierarchy system means that decisions can be checked or overrul ed by higher courts to take into account changes to political, social or technological conditions. Decisions made in the Supreme Court are binding to all UK courts. Other influences come from the European Court of Human Rights (ECrtHR) and the Court of Justice of the European Union which overrides domestic precedent.EU law has power over UK law, even without having been approved by the UK Parliament and, where applicable, the UK is bound by that law and cannot make conflicting laws. The UK was the first country to ratify the ECHR in 1951, and it has been introduced into English law covering basics such as the right to life, and the right to marry and found a family. Any new laws must be compatible with the ECHR.The Human Rights Act 1998 is classed as one of the most important pieces of legislation in the UK, it allows the ECHR to be part of British law, and allows citizens to use the domestic court system when breaches of their rights are in dispute. Whilst this does not allow the c ourts to overrule an Act of Parliament, they can make a declaration of incompatibility under s.4 of the Act. Parliament then decides whether the law should be changed, but this allows the judiciary some discretionary powers under s.8 allowing them to award remedies.Law making in England and Wales is based on a democratic Parliament so that the public can take an effect on law reform. Through general elections every five years it ensures that the government does not remain in power against the wishes of the people, however most people vote based on a partys proposals, and the winning party are not legally bound to declare these promises. As the first past the post election system is not a balanced representation system, a government may not have a majority of public support through votes, despite winning a majority of constituent seats. This allows for a powerful government with overwhelming Parliamentary power to push through its infallible legislation whilst having the support o f a minority of the people. Legislation can be passed during times of crisis, following a find in science on human embryo cloning The Human Reproductive Cloning Act 2001 came into force within nine days. The Law remedy Act 1965 codifies all areas of law, including corporate law, family law, and reproductive rightsThe introduction of the Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 (CMCHA 2007) came about in response to societys frustration with the lack of successful corporate prosecutions such as the POs Herald of Free Enterprise disaster in 1987, R v PO 1991 in which 190 people were killed, when the bow doors were remaining open subsequently setting sail. The current law at the time lacked provisions for negligence where death occurred, as the common law offence required an individual to be responsible, even though the coroners report gave a ruling of unlawful killing. In such a large corporation the prosecution were not able to identify the individuals responsible for obvious and serious risk of the ship setting sail with its bow doors open (Bergman, D. 1990).The Law Commission with pressure from the wellness and Safety Executive and the Centre for Corporate Accountability proposed reform for the creation of the 2007 Act. Parliament took more than ten years to implement the legislation, and while showing some positive reforms, is limited. New prosecutions can only be prosecuted by the Director of Public Prosecutions and only in the High Court. The judiciary powers under s.6 only allow for indictment of a fine if a corporation is convicted of corporate manslaughter or corporate homicide, with ss.9 and 10 providing the sanction of remedial orders for them to remedy the breach. In 2011 the successful conviction of a company under the CMCHA 2007 led to a large fine for Cotswold Geotechnical Holdings Ltd, on appeal the Court of Appeal upheld the conviction but no truly precedent was set as it was small family run business with a sole director. Th e judiciary will have to wait for prosecutions of larger organisations before any interpretation of the Act will become clear.Family law in the UK has been subject to substantial modification over the years, through social changes encompassing marriage, divorce, non-marital cohabitation, same conjure partnerships and adoption. These changes in ideas about family can affect legal issues such as taxation, inheritance and other civil and criminal laws. The Marriage Act 1949 was challenged in the European Court of Human Rights in the case of B and L v United Kingdom 2006. UK law did not allow a father-in-law to marry his girl -in-law, even though both were divorced and had formed a relationship. The ECrtHR found this incompatible with Article 12 of the convention and consequently the UK Parliament reformed this law in the Marriage Act 1949 (Remedial) Order 2007.The concept of common law husband or wife does not exist in the UK legal system, couples who animated together, whether same sex or heterosexual, and are not married do not have the same legal rights as those that are. The Odysseus Group, a pressure group for equal rights for all called for changes in the law to allow these couples to have the same legal rights as married couples. This and the case of Anna Homsi (The Open University, 2011 p.54) led to the creation of The cultured Partnership Act 2004 allowing same sex couples to register their partnership and be afforded the same rights as a married couple. Parliament left out recommendations from The Law Commission to include heterosexual couples in the Bill, during the parliamentary term. It maintains that heterosexual couples can marry if they want to whereas same sex couples cannot under the present law.Technological and health check advances have occurred in a relatively short period of time, and the necessity to regulate these practices became an issue of statutory regulation as they are in the public interest. The legal issues with reproductive technology brought about the creation of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 (HFEA 1990). The Act sets out the principles, prohibitions and created the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) to regulate and aid the judiciary in applying the law. This Act however was implemented based on technology and science from 1984.Section 12 of the HFEA 1990 sets out the conditions for licensing, and requires compliance of section 3, the requirements for impressive consent of treatment (The Open University, 2012 p.91). This was challenged by Diane Blood who wanted to have fertility treatment using the sperm of her dead husband. However, the sperm had been taken while her husband was in a coma and he had not given written consent to its use. The HFEA refused to authorise treatment without consent, and it was ruled in the Court of Appeal that she could exercise her rights under s.10 of the ECHR to have fertility treatment in another EU state. This illustrates that the l aw was open to interpretation, as written consent was not contract in the Act. The court stated that as Parliament had delegated responsibility to the Authority, then the courts should not interfere, however they did point to considerations with regards to the EC Treaty and Diane Bloods enforceable rights. The Government acknowledge this position and no amendments have been made to the Act.In the case of R (on the lotion of Quintavalle on behalf of Pro-life Alliance) v Secretary of State for Health 2001 EWHC Admin 918 the courts ruled, after using a purposive interpretation that the embryos created through cell nuclear replacement (CNR) could be used for experimentation without the limitation of time or any other restriction. In the Court of Appeal reference was made to the case of Royal College of Nursing of the United Kingdom v Department of Health and hearty Security 1981 AC 800, and concluded that the legislation would have imposed the same restrictions on embryos from CNR a s embryos from a person. They interpreted that although the technology did not exist when the Act was created, Parliaments regulation of the use of embryos was clear. The Government created The Human Reproductive Cloning Act 2001.In conclusion, this essay shows how the law making process and law reform is delimit through technological, social and economic developments. Parliament as a public elected body deals with the particularities of reform through the various commissions, pressure groups and members bills as they are accountable to the public. The judiciary can be seen to reform the law through the common law system, using principles of interpretation, and they do this in an opportunistic way through cases as they are presented to the courts. Although the implementation of The Human Rights Act 1998 gives judges the power to declare incompatibilities with the current law, it is still opportunistic, and piecemeal.BibliographyStatutesAbortion Act 1967Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Sec urity Act 2001Children Act 2004 civil Partnership Act 2004Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007Criminal Appeal Act 1995The European Convention of Human RightsFamily Law Act 1996Family Law (Scotland) Act 2006Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990The Human Reproductive Cloning Act 2001The Human Rights Act 1998The Law Commission Act 1965Marital Causes Act 1973Marriage Act 1949Marriage Act 1949 (Remedial) Order 2007 (2007 No. 438)CasesB and L v United Kingdom 2006 1 FLR 35R v Human Fertilisation and Emryology Authority, ex parte Blood 1997 2 All ER 687R v PO European Ferries (Dover) Ltd (1991) 93 Cr App R 72 1991 Crim R 695R v R 1992 1 AC 599R (on application of Quintaville on behalf of Pro-life Alliance) v Secretary of State for Health 2001 EWHC Admin 918Royal College of Nursing of the United Kingdom v Department of Health and Social Security 1981 AC 800Course UnitsArthur, R. (2011) Unit 7 Unlawful Conduct, W100 Block 2 Lega l Personality, p57-67, Milton Keynes, The Open UniversityArthur, R., Goodey, J., and Howells, C. (2011) Unit 3 Making Law (1) Parliament, W100 Block 1, Rules, and rule making, p.89-113, Milton Keynes, The Open UniversityHowells, C. (2012), Unit 25 Law, justice and social change (3) law and reproductive technology, W100 Block 7, Justice, p.90-124, Milton Keynes, The Open UniversityHowells, C. and Slapper, G. (2011) Unit 4 Making Law (2) common law. W100 Block 1, Rules, and rule making, p.141-192, Milton Keynes, The Open UniversityHowells, C. And Zambellas, A. (2011) Unit 5 Making Law (3) Europe, W100 Block 1 Rules, and rule making, p.207-230, Milton Keynes, The Open UniversityMontgomery, H. (2012), Unit 24 Law, justice and social change (2) marriage and family, W100 Block 7 Justice, p.47-74, Milton Keynes, The Open UniversityWeait, M. and Goodey, J. (2011) Unit 3 Making Law (1) Parliament, W100 Block 1 Rules, and rule making, p89-138, Milton Keynes, The Open UniversityZambellas, A. a nd Voiculescu, A. (2012) Unit 23 Law, justice and social change (1) corporate manslaughter, W100 Block 7 Justice, p.13-32, Milton Keynes, The Open University endorser ArticlesBergman, D. (1990) Recklessness in the boardroom, New Law Journal, 140, 6477, p.1496, Reading 28 Reader 3, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open UniversityCommunity Legal Service Direct Information Leaflet 7 (2005), The Human Rights Act, Legal Services Commission, Reading 7 Reader 3, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open UniversityCorporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 (extract), 2007 Chapter 19, Reading 35 Reader 3, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open UniversityThe Daily Telegraph (2003) Desperate times need temporary measures, Daily Telegraph, London, 19 December 2003, p.23, Reading 5 Reader 1, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open UniversityForlin, G. (2007) Worth the wait?, New Law Journal, 157 NLJ 1165, Reading 36 Rea der 3, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open UniversityGerry, A. (2005) Happy natal day human rights, New Law Journal, 155 NLJ 1469, Reading 8 Reader 3, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open UniversityMuylle, K. J. (2003) Improving the effectiveness of parliamentary legislative procedures, Statute Law Review, 24 (169), Reading 7 Reader 1, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open UniversitySlapper, G. (1996) Should the judges or MPs make the laws?, The Times, London, The Times Newspapers, 2 July 1996, Reading 23 Reader 1, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open UniversityWeait, M. (2003) The Civil Partnerships Bill, Family Law News, January 2003, Reading 38, Reader 3, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open UniversityDVDThe Open University (2008), Organisations and Justice, W100 DVD, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open University (DVD)The Open University (2008), The case of Diane B lood, W100 DVD, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open UniversityOther ReferencesSlapper, G, and Kelly, D. (2011) The English Legal governance (12th edn), Abingdon, Routledge, p.153), Milton Keynes, The Open University

Concepts of Resources and Scarcity

Concepts of Resources and ScarcityResources and scarcity, resources means to provide or equipment that is needed. Scarcity means limited or short supply. The definition by Lionel Robbins says that our resources be limited but hu mans need is unlimited. As a human we never get ample of things. For congressman, direct i own a proton car but later, testament wish to shed other bigger car. As we all know humans consider unlimited desire. And too its very hard to satisfy their wants.Economics is defined as a study of resources to satisfy humans unlimited wants. Economics plays an grand role in our daily life. For example, if a expenditure of a product increases it pass on affect the economics of the state of matter and also the people in that respect. It is most-valuable to arrest or maintain a stable economics in the country. Economics plays an serious role in every individual.Besides this, resources are important elements. in that location are few important elements which are know as the factors of production which are large(p), make for, labor and entrepreneur. Each element plays an important role in the country economics and also to satisfy humans unlimited needs and wants. The factors of production are divided to 3 main parts which is Humans Resources, Natural Resources and also Manufactured Resources.Firstly, to the highest degree Human resources, human resources is known as labor. Labor is known as employees who work to made or induce. It is important to know about the abilities of the labor or workers. We should understand their level of abilities and use their skills wisely. Labor help to improve the standard of the country and the satisfy of humans unlimited needs and wants. For example, t here will be engineers with a lot of potential, so the employer should understand and use the employee skill wisely to improve and also maintain the production of the country and the economics too.Secondly, i will discuss about land. Land is also an important element in the resources, without land there is nothing. Land is a place where we git get timber, minerals and also natural resources to continue living. By having land we can get all the natural resources. It also knows that in our country Malaysia we are thick in natural resoures, such as minerals and timber.Furthermore capital is also one of the factors of production. Capital is known as a unattackable or services. caseful of capital is machines, tools and and so forth It is important to extradite this machines and tools to further with production. Capital is to contrive a better produced of goods or services.And entrepreneur an entrepreneur is an organize an also an entrepreneur is a person who introduces to new product, and techniques and also entrepreneur must be a person who willing to take jeopardy.These are the four main and important factors, but to go through humans needs and wants this is not enough become humans always return unlimited wants and needs to be fulfill their needs. besides by the help of the three questions, it will be much easier to solve this problem. The questions are how to produce, to whom to produces and what to produce. By following this question human can make a survival of the fittest of what they want.For example, humans have to identify the wants and make a choice. Making a choice may be hard but humans have to make a choice, based on how much they have. How much can their afford.Choice is an important decision that humans have to make. Choice in the food, goods and etc. By making a choice humans tend to satisfy their needs and wants.Capital is define as a good that be utilize in a business to generate the income of the business. Capital is an important element in a business. Capital is also known as money or property that used in a business. Capital is a money that humans use to develop their business. Without capital there will be no way to develop or invest the business. Capital used to produce either goods or services. For example Capital refers to machines or tools in an company. Without the machines or tools cannot produce or create. For examples cars, there are machines and tools that had been created to make cars, without the machines the car cannot be created or made. Just with machines job is done faster and easily.Capital also depends on what configuration of capital that humans refers either in a form of money or machines. Money is also known as capital. To produce or emerge a business, we need capital in which in the form of money. To start a small or big business firstly we need capital, without a capital we cannot start the business. Even it is a small amount of money it is still considered as a capital. To start the business we have to have enough of money. Capital also can be property. If property that you own can be a capital. It can be a small piece of land which we can use to start a business.Capital is always refers to something that you put in to get the output, as you can say by putting the stimulation which is capital and you get a output. Without input there will not be any output. The input plays a major role in getting a good output. Capital is a strong and important element to start a business or to produce. We should have a enough of capital before we start to produce or starting a business. Capital is money or machines that have a value to get a good output in the process. Capital also can be identity as a income. For example capital is something that has a value by its own. Income is important in starting a business or doing any production.Furthermore, land is defined as then surface of earth. Land is a beautiful constitution resource. Land has its own advantages such as soil, land, and also minerals and timber. Land is important to start a business because without having a land its hard to start a business.Land does not only refer to the upper part but land has its own minerals rivers and etc. In the four factor of p roduction, land is known as one of the factor. The soil in the land has a high quality. Land is depending on which kind of land is it and also where it is located. Some land is authentically very rich with the minerals, which can be used to produce minerals and etc. Land of ground as be known as property, estate.Business man who wants to open a factory of company will be looking for a land. For example a business man wants to open a shop mall. The business man will be looking for a invest land or a land where is located in the centre or the town, it also will be a place to attract customers. For example the land owner can be use the land as a invest in it. Land is need for building or known as a property. Land is also can be say as a investments. Land in a good area will be a good investments place for business.Labor is define as a employees or a worker. Labor is an important elements for work to be done. To identify labor the employer has to understand the workers skills and their liabilities and their knowledge of the job. It is important to known employees physical and mental driving on the job there has. Employer has to know his or her employee liabilities before a task.Entrepreneur is define as business man who is willing to take risk in the business they are doing to have either profit of loss. As a entrepreneur he or she has to face the problem. A entrepreneur have to be a person who is very organizes person and also should have the creative in introduces new product. In the business world an entrepreneur has to be fast and also smart in handing problem.These are all the resources that we have in our Malaysia. All this factors are limited. And cannot produce more. But the needs and the wants of the humans are unlimited. As the say of Lionel Robbins which is true that humans always have unlimited of wants which is hard to satisfy. To solve this problem, by using the 3 question which is what to produces, how to produces and to whom to produces.Humans ha ve to make a choice on what they really want and what is really very necessary in their life. Humans have to make the right choice and be happy with it. Opportunity cost plays an important role here. Opportunity cost for example in choosing the right this in food or clothes. steel a decision whether can afford it or not. Make a choice based on the money have and it also must fulfill the needs and wants as well. And also have to do sacrifice one of the needs to fulfill the needs.Opportunity plays a role in our daily life. For example in everything we have to make choice. From what we want to eat to what we want to wear we make a choice. Opportunity choice is made from what we can afford. To solve this economics problem humans have to make the choice cause its hard to satisfy everyone needs and wants with the limited resources.QUESTION2INTRODUCTIONMalaysia is mixed frugality country. Mixed economy is known as judicature intervention in the country. Government intervention means gov ernments interfere in the activities in the production and also distribution. Mixed economics is also known as a balanced economy. Mixed economy is government and foodstuffs take the decisions. Mixed economy is a good plan cause by the help of the government harm mechanism is control. cost mechanism is define as its a generally between the supply and demand. For example went there is more demand the price of that product will go up. And went the demand goes down the price also goes down too. Price is define as the market value, the price of purchase. Price mechanism is a change according to the demand and supply. For example during raining season the price of vegetables will increase because there will be demand for the vegetables cause during raining season its hard to get vegetables. And the transferer will try to sell at the higher price here where government interfere and control the price.Price is divided to two parts which is price floor and price ceilings. A Price floor is the lowest price. Price floor is done by government. Government will control so that the price of the product will not go very low. This is the way how government controls the price mechanism. Price ceilings are government puts a stop for the price of the product go too high and cannot be control. Government tends to control or put a limit to the price or the product. Examples of price floor and price ceilings are (rice, flour. petrol, sugar and etc.)The ways governments interfere. Government intervention by tyrannical the price of the product in the country. Each product have a standard price and government help that the product are not sell in higher price. If the product is sell in a higher price, the buyers will tone of voice hard to buy it, by the government intervention it will help to control the price of the products. For example the price of rice, if the price of the rice increase the people who have a normal salary will feel hard to buy the rice. It will affect the coun try economy as well.In other ways government intervention is by boastful aid to the employees after they at reach age of 60. Pension helps the employees who are retired. Besides this, government intervention by involves in social activity such as helping the (float victim) by giving them shelter and also basic needs such as food and drinks. Government also helps the poor. Government helps by giving them education. In Malaysia government gives education from standard 1 to right up to form 5.Government also gives important to environmental issues such as cut of plastic. For example in Malaysia government has introduces not to use plastics bags on Saturday. Besides this, government encourages to use recycle bags.Government plays an important role to control the price mechanism by using the price floor and price ceilings. The price of goods rises because of the demand on the product. And also this will create a shortage in the market.To overcome this problem government has to control the price the goods every time. Government has to put a price list to solve this problem. By controlling the price government also controls the waste. As Malaysia is a mixed economy the control of price is important. By the government interfere it will help the country to have a stable economy. And the people have a control economy in the country. To solve this problem government has to control the price mechanism.

Cognitive Dissonance Theory Essay -- Essays Papers

Cognitive Dissonance TheoryLeon Festinger shared his brilliance with the world when he, opposing all previous psychological behaviorist work, created the Cognitive Dissonance Theory. In his own words, he quickly sums up this quite complex theory If you change a persons behavior, his thoughts and feelings will change to minimize the disagreement (Groenveld, 1999, p.1). In order to decode this dense statement, we must first be aware that Festinger held to be true that humans have a deep invariable need in their psyche to be consistent in our attitudes and behaviors we trust to feel in agreement and unified in thought and action. Inner congruity sounds good to everyone, and so it was Festingers view that when we feel a disharmony, or haphazardness, within ourselves, between two factors, we strive to decrease this tension by every changing our original thought, giving strength to the opposing thought, or letting go of the behavior. All three techniques are in the name of decreasing dissonance because it is threatening to experience such a large crack in our rationale that dissonance often creates. Say I realized the college I am attending is not offering me the classes Im interested in. I am feeling a post-decision dissonance, now that Ive chosen my school, within myself cod to this logical inconsistency I value a college that offers classes interesting to me.I am not attending a college that offers classes interesting to me.I really want to work it out because otherwise I feel scattered like a schizophrenic as Festinger put it. Since my belief and behavior conflict, I anticipate to eliminate and reconcile the difference by choosing one of three paths (TIPTheories, 1999) 1. I can devalue my belief and say, Classes ar... ...ns that women find they love guys that use or abuse them, which is an unhealthy extreme of the minimal justification theory. It happens very frequently in college. References Griffin, E. (1997). A first look at communication theory. New York McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Groenveld, J. (1999). Totalism & company dynamics online. Available http//www.crl.com/tzimon/General/cult_tot.html .Kearsley, G.(1999). Cognitive dissonance. Theory into Practice (TIP) Database online Available http//www.gwu.edu/tip/festinge.htm.Neilands, T. (1995 Dec). The time course of the self-concept threat reduction process among low and uplifted self-esteem individuals (dissertation). Online. Available http//uts.cc.utexas.edu/neilands/psych/research/bigd/ch6.htm. Trenholm, S. & Jensen, A. (1996). Interpersonal communication. New York Wadworth Publishing Company.

Hiram Ulysses Grant :: essays research papers

Hiram Ulysses feed was born near Pleasant calculate, Ohio, on April 27, 1822. His parents were Hannah Simpson and Jesse select. Jesse Grant was the owner of a tannery. He was shy boy while growing up. At the age of one year he was taken to Georgetown where he was educate at local and boarding schools. He graduated 21st in a class of 39, from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1843 where he had enrolled under the name of Ulysses Simpson Grant. He was assigned to Jefferson Barracks, MO, where he met Julia Dent. They married after the Mexican War in 1848.      Grant served in the Mexican War under the name of Gen. Zachary Taylor and Gen. Winfield Scott. In 1854 while stationed at Fort Humboldt, California, Grant resigned his commission because of loneliness and drinking problems. He spent the following years in unsuccessful farming and business ventures in Missouri. He moved to Galena, Illinois, in 1860 where he worked in his fathers leather sh op.     Grant was nominate colonel and soon afterward brigadier general of the Illinois volunteers at the outbreak of the Civil War. Grant wanted to fight for the Union. He was an officer of dogged determination and won a series of brilliant victories. On one occasion, the commander of a Confederate fort asked on what terms Grant would accept his surrender. "No terms," he replied, "except an unconditional and immediate surrender." From then on he was known as "Unconditional Surrender Grant" since his initials were U.S. On March 8, 1864, President capital of Nebraska made him commander of all the Union forces. Grant helped to bring the war to an end in a little over a year.      In 1868 Grant was elected Republican president of the United States. Although Grant was a wonderful soldier, he made a poor president. He was honest, but some of those he appointed to high office were not. They caused financial difficulties for the government and the country. He was not blamed for this and was reelected in 1872.

What Is Psychology? :: Psychology Expository Essays

Psychology is the study of the behavior of living organisms. The plenty that study the behaviors are called psychologists. There have been many studies through with(p) by these people to try and figure out why people or animal do the things they do. Psychologys four main goals are to describe what occurred, explain why it occurred, promise what event is likely to occur next, and to change to prevent unwanted outcomes. Psychologists study the process of thinking, learning, cognition, emotions, motivations, and personalities. An example of one study that has been done would be why a dog salivates to the sound of a bell and show. This behavior is due to a conditioned stimulus becoming a conditioned response. Another experiment done was with a baby and a white mouse to see if the baby would be scared if something happened while grabbing for the mouse.There are several divers(prenominal) types of psychologist for different problems. One example is a school psychologist. In ed ucation and school psychology, they study the process of education and works to promote the intellectual, social, and emotional development of children in the school environment. The main type of psychology is called clinical psychology, which specializes in the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of mental and behavioral disorders. Behavior is any observable action or reception of living organisms. There are many take aims of behavior that is studied in psychology. Some psychologists concentrate on the behavior that at a high level like having aggression or being prejudice. There are four main characteristics needed to be an observable behavior, which are the organism itself, motivation, knowledge, and competence. Behavior cannot be studied without the organism there in body. Also, motivation must be in place for the study of behavior because it is an immediate cause of a behavior. acquaintance is something that the organism already knows. In order to examine it, you ne ed to understand the environment and what he/she/it knows, thinks, and remembers.

The Role of the Proof in Math Essay example -- Mathematics Mathematica

The Role of the Proof in Math The notion of proof has long play a key role in the study of mathematics. It is in my opinion the role of proof that separates mathematics from the sciences and other fields of study. It is the existence of proofs that give mathematicians the corporate trust that their work is credible and thus allows them to continue to build upon prior work without the need to second guess what has previously been accomplished.Based upon this observation, it becomes natural to ask the questions pertaining to the drill of proof in learning and understanding mathematics. If the concept of proof is so important to the field of mathematics, then is it possible that by writing proofs and studying proofs that an undivided will be better equipped to understand the mathematics for which the proofs pertain? And if this is possible then when should a person be first exposed to proofs and at what level? In this paper I will give my views pertaining to these questions, as w ell as, a few more of my views pertaining to some other topics related to these questions. to begin with discussing the virtues of proofs as a means of learning and understanding mathematics, I feel that it is first necessary to begin with a brief discussion of the functions of proof at heart mathematics. Following I will give a list of the functions of proof that I have comprised from three sources (Hanna 2, Knuth 3, Tucker 6)1.verification,the act of arguing that a financial statement is true2.explanation,providing reasons for why a statement is true, which in turnmay lead to understanding3.systematization,organizing statements and definitions into a system ofaxioms, lemmas, theorems, etc.4.discovery,creating knowledge and new results... ...ducation, V178 N1, pp. 35-452Hanna, Gila (2000), Proof, description and Exploration An Overview, Educational Studies in maths, V44, pp. 5-233Knuth, Eric (2002), Secondary School Mathematics Teachers Conceptions of Proof, Journal for Resear ch in Mathematics Education, V33, pp.379-4054Lester, Frank K. (1975), Developmental Aspects of Childrens Ability to register Mathematical Proof, Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, V6 N1, pp. 14-255Selden, Annie and Selden, John (2003), Validations of Proofs Considered as Texts Can Undergraduates Tell Whether an Argument Proves a Theorem?, Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, V34 N1, pp. 4-366Tucker, Thomas (1999), On the Role of Proof in Calculus Courses, Contemporary Issues in Mathematics Education, MSRI Publications, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK

To Kill a Mocking Bird Newspaper Project -- To Kill a Mockingbird Essay

Today in Maycomb County, there was a trail against a local African American bit named Tom Robinson. He was accused for raping and beating up a white girl named Mayella. His lawyer is Atticus Finch is facing off against Mr. Gilmer the district attorney. Judge Taylor, appears to be sleeping through out the trial, yet pays attention and tends to chew his cigar. The supposed crime occurred in Mayellas home, when Tom Robinson went to fix something and then he raped her. Atticus calls up his first witness, Bob Ewell. He asked questions like Would you ever beat your daughter? and Where you on the night of the crime? Bob Ewell answered that he never has beaten his daughter and was somewhere else at the time of the crime. After that, he asked Bob to write his name, and Atticus not...