Hiring and Retaining Staff Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hiring and Retaining Staff - Term Paper Example Because of this reason alone, it is important to understand the issues discussed in this paper and learn how to better overcome the modern day obstacles related to staff and recruiting. It is important to note that current trends indicate the current year has seen the competition for highly qualified individuals only intensity. This is partly due to the reality that the employment market has picked up substantially. As a result, it is important to note that talented professionals now have many job prospects in front of them, so companies are forced to really provide increased incentives if they are to truly attract the best of the best. In essence, it is up to the company today to market themselves in an attractive manner to prospective employees. There will likely be the need for counteroffers to be accepted, many applicants will outright reject solid job offers, that there will be a renewed focus on recruiting those that are already employed at another firm. In essence, we are regressing to the boom years of the late 90’s where if was definitely a job seekers market. One commonly held theory today is that employers need to return to a strategy of branding their organization as a long term recruiting strategy moving forward. In previous years, many organizations were forced to drastically reduce their budgets related to Human Resources, meaning that recruiters did not have much to work with. Now that business is picking up across numerous sectors, however, it is possible to change this to a more long term outlook detailing the various attributes of a company and what it has to offer prospective employees, particularly related to salary and benefits. This is similar to the branding of a product. The need for branding has emerged partially as a result of the increased competition for taken, but also because of the various ways that companies around the company are making use of

Milgram Obedience Review Essay Example for Free

Milgram Obedience Review Essay Obedience is as basic an element in the structure of social life as one can point to. Some system of authority is a requirement of all communal living, and it is only the person dwelling in isolation who is not forced to respond, with defiance or submission, to the commands of others. For many people, obedience is a deeply ingrained behavior tendency, indeed a potent impulse overriding training in ethics, sympathy, and moral conduct. The dilemma inherent in submission to authority is ancient, as old as the story of Abraham, and the question of whether one should obey when commands conflict with conscience has been argued by Plato, dramatized in Antigone, and treated to philosophic analysis in almost every historical epoch. Conservative philosophers argue that the very fabric of society is threatened by disobedience, while humanists stress the primacy of the individual conscience. The legal and philosophic aspects of obedience are of enormous import, but they say very little about how most people behave in concrete situations. I set up a simple experiment at Yale University to test how much pain an ordinary citizen would inflict on another person simply because he was ordered to by an experimental scientist. Stark authority was pitted against the subjects strongest moral imperatives against hurting others, and, with the subjects ears ringing with the screams of the victims, authority won more often than not. The extreme willingness of adults to go to almost any lengths on the command of an authority constitutes the chief finding of the study and the fact most urgently demanding explanation. This is from perils of obedience by Stanley milgram. I enjoyed this article.

Genetically Modified Foods Essay -- GMOs, Genetically Modified Crops

Genetically Modified Foods With an ever-growing population and the problems of world hunger, there has been a high demand for an increased food supply and a better food supply. Technology has been called upon to meet this challenge. The advent of genetically engineered foods, sometimes called transgenic crops or genetically modified foods, is not a new concept, but the controversy over it is. Can these "frankenfoods" be harmful to humans? What are their effects on the environment? The following paper will focus on such questions as well as providing a better understanding of what genetically modified foods are and how they should be regulated. What are genetically modified foods? Although traditional plant breeding has been around for ages, the development of recombinant DNA techniques have offered a wide range of valuable genes and methods of inserting them into the plant genomes. Two major advances in molecular biology have resulted in new plant breeding technology: "The construction of genetic maps saturated with DNA markers, and the subsequent design of relatively simple PCR-based assays to facilitate the selection of desired alleles at closely linked loci and the resulting development of plant lines with desired combinations of traits; The cloning and DNA sequencing of specific genes, the reassembly of specific DNA fragments into functional chimeric genes, and the transfer of such genes to single plant cells from which complete plants can be regenerated via cell and tissue culture." (Conner et. al, 1999) It is the second method of breeding that has come into the most light recently and offers the opportunity to develop a wide variety of new crop cultivars. Transgenic plants are usually made up of a gene... ...ally engineered crops. Current Opinion in Biotechnology. Vol. 10, 1999. Pp. 298-302. OCDE (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). Consensus document on general information concerning the genes and their enzymes that confer tolerance to glyphosphate herbicide.1999. http://www.oecd.org/ehs/ehsmono/#BIO Snow, Allison and Pedro Moran Palma. Commercialization of transgenic plants: potential ecological risks. BioScience. Vol. 47, Feb. 1997. Pp. 86-96. Steinbrecher, Ricarda A. From green to gene evolution: the environmental risks of genetically engineered crops. The Ecologist. Vol. 26, Nov./Dec., 1996. Pp. 273-281. 14. Traynor, Patricia and James H. Westwood, Eds. Proceedings of a workshop on: ecological effects of pest resistance genes in managed ecosystems (Jan. 31-Feb. 3, 1999). Information Systems for Biotechnology. http://www.isb.vt.edu

Living in the

Torso's City 3 eye characteristics: average individual incomes decreased by 20% or more between 1970 and 2005 relative to the Toronto average individual income Neighborhoods comprise about 39% of the city neighborhoods Key issues deterministic-planning a lack of regard for the post-colonial and immigrant experiences of the families that live there large concentration of poverty and lives lived amid crowded high-rise buildings and housing projects the constant surveillance and media representations of violence perpetuated by the City of Toronto Police, Housing Corporation, and media outlets Defining the Ghetto (A first approach) The 40% criterion: â€Å"an area in which the overall poverty rate in a census tract is greater than 40 percent. The ghetto poor are then those poor, of any race or ethnic group, who live in such high-poverty census tracts†¦ Visits to various cities confirmed that the 40 percent criterion came very close to identifying areas that looked like ghettos in t erms of their housing conditions. Moreover, the areas selected by the 40 percent criterion corresponded closely with the neighborhoods that city officials and local census urea officials considered ghettos†¦ Let is important to distinguish our definition of ghetto tracts based on a poverty criterion from a definition based on racial composition.Not all majority black tracts are ghettos under our definition nor are all ghettos black. Arrows and Bane 1991:239-241) Defining the Ghetto (A second Approach) â€Å"the ghettos' of space and group-specific institutions all four major ‘elementary forms' of racial domination, namely, categorization, discrimination, segregation and exclusionary violence† (Loci Yucatan: Urban Outcasts, 1995) â€Å"the hypertext' Is moreover defined by the â€Å"physical dilapidation, social decay and stunning depopulation† that has further led to a â€Å"collective demutualization† and â€Å"absent presence† of the state ( course reading) What researchers find in Torso's inner city Schools?Violence and Cultural Complexity This is where the documentary intervenes: The film looks into how violence is based on a logic of reciprocity (code of honor) and how this logic/dynamic can be interrupted It assumes/demonstrates how former actors of violence (gang leaders) take on a new role as interrupters of violence It lows insights into people's aspirations and dimensions of everyday life (resilience and where alternatives originate) What needs to be discussed Does the film reproduce an ‘ecology-centered' discourse or does it allow for seeing the cultural complexity of violence in a broader perspective? The Interrupters (Documentary) Dir. Steve James Film about â€Å"violence interrupters† in Chicago â€Å"who use their own personal experience and street credibility to work in the communities† (film synopsis) Discuss along with L. Waistcoat's article (same context)

History and Song Essay

Amazing Grace is one of the most poignant song that was ever written whose appeal goes beyond its religious origins to encompass the human struggle and has evolved together with history. The song is based on I Chronicles 17:16 on the words of the Hebrew King David regarding his wonder at the selection of his house with God’s favor. Though there are significant theological content the song, its core themes of deliverance and fortitude have extended its appeal to the military, freedom movements, and social justice. The lyrics of the song are attributed to John Newton, a former slave trader who eventually became a minister in the United Kingdom in the 18th century. According to Newton’s accounts, he wrote the song during a violent storm at sea, he advertantly cried out â€Å"Lord, have mercy upon us† (Rogers). Upon reflection later on in his cabin Newton, who barely knew about religion, reflected upon the episode and realized how faith can be a core in an individual without that person being aware of it at all. It became a very popular hymn in Newton’s preaching work but was only published as Amazing Grace in an 1831 hymnal called Virginia Harmony (â€Å"Amazing Grace†). It had been included in the Olney Hymns used by Newton but had various titles given to it if any (Rogers). There were several tunes used for the hymn before it became popularized in the tune we know today. Some speculation regarding the original tune for the hymns have attributed it to African slave chants which Newton may have been familiar with because of his history with the slave trade. Others have cited that its pentatonic meter suggests that it may have had a melody played with bagpipes or Celtic music (â€Å"Amazing Grace†). There is also some suggestion that the modern version of the melody of the song, particularly in its dramatic qualities, can be traced back in the Cherokee adaptation of the song during the Native American removal (â€Å"Words to Amazing Grace†). The harsh trek to the West allowed little opportunity for them to follow traditional burial rights and the song was used instead because of its commonality with Native American theologies on death (â€Å"Trail of Tears†). The song has had several versions and has even become part of popular music with artists such as Judy Collins giving their own interpretation of the song. The song is often performed with one instrument or one type of instruments. The most popular renditions have been with wind instruments particularly bugle, horns, flute and the bagpipe. The instruments may have been chosen because of the ethereal quality of the melody and its message. Most performance of the song generally starts with a light melody that grows in strength and color as the song progresses. In the UK, the song is often played on bagpipes for military salutes that also has been adapted in America particularly for those who have Celtic ancestry (Rogers). The use of the bagpipes however, is actually a recent trend and was popularized through the 1969 film Alice’s Restaurant by Arthur Penn which in turn allowed it to figure in the counter culture issues. (â€Å"Amazing Grace†). During the American Civil War, the song was both used for military right by Union and confederate soldiers. The song’s popularity then was based on its support of the Protestant theology of â€Å"divine grace†. Many American presidents also The identification of the song with freedom and social justice began with its adoption as the Cherokee National Anthem to commemorate the Trail of Tears during the Native American removal. The song became also popular during both World Wars when allied soldiers with sing the song during the services for fallen soldiers. The popularity of the song during the sixties as social justice movements developed from their foundations in gospel movements. From being a song for memoriam, the use became to highlight the suffering from social injustice and became particularly popular with the Black Power Movement. Similar to the Native American use of the song, many black empowerment movements used the song as a thematic representation of the issues concerning social rights and equality. It was used both to express the motivations of the movement as well as provide its moral and religious basis. Some also attribute its significance to the Black Power Movement because of the association to the African Slave Trade through Newton and his subsequent abolitionist stands (â€Å"Amazing Grace†) The song can be expected to continue in its popularity because of its universal themes. The interpretation of the song ranges from deliverance to self-realization. These components allowed it to be adopted into active action as well as in devotional settings. The song has deep sense on enlightenment which is the reason it became popular with social movements. The line, â€Å"Was blind, but now, I see† is a popular theme in many human rights speeches that called fro social action and reform. The song repeatedly shows a dichotomy to how which affects a person. In saying that, â€Å"T’was Grace that taught my heart to fear. And Grace, my fears relieved,† the song is has a message that it is in recognizing our fears that one is truly delivered from them. Thus, it had an appeal to the military, the oppressed and the marginalized for the connotation of valor and courage. The song’s long popularity and various uses attest to its ability to resonate core human desires fro freedom, salvation and justice. The song’s greatest meaning lies not in its religious aspects but in its belief in the triumph of the human spirit. Works Cited â€Å"Amazing Grace†. Wikipedia Free Encyclopedia.14 March 2007. 15 March 2007. â€Å"Amazing Grace Lyrics†. Gospel Hut. 14 June 2006. 15 March 2007. â€Å"Trail of Tears†. Wikipedia Free Encyclopedia. 13 March 2007. 15 March 2007. Rogers, Al. Amazing Grace: The Story of John Newton. 1996. 15 March 2007. â€Å"Words to Amazing Grace†. Littleleaf. 14 March 2007. 15 March 2007. http://www. littleleaf. com/amazinggrace. htm

4 Tips for Completing Your Homework On Time

4 Tips for Completing Your Homework On Time Homework, a necessary evil according to many teachers, has a lot of students tied up in knots. Some students can never seem to get things turned in on time. In fact, many students do not even realize that they  have  homework  until a friend from class texts them or they overhear someone in the halls talking about Ms. So-and-sos terrible, no-good, awful, horrifying worksheet for Chemistry that is due the next day. These five tips for completing your homework on time, however, should help you get that homework finished on time.   Tip 1: Rely On a Planning System Most of you by now are well acquainted with a homework planner. It has the dates, the school subjects you are taking, and a whole lot of blank space to write down your homework assignments. Use these planners if you have them. Writing with an actual pencil or pen may seem almost archaic what with technology virtually doing everything for us, but the kinesthetic movement of writing down an assignment into one of those little squares (Language Arts test tomorrow - STUDY TONIGHT), will actually help solidify that homework in your brain. Plus, when you are packing up to go home at the end of the school day, all you have to do is open up that planner to see which books, folders, and binders need to go home with you so you will not miss out anything that you need to do that evening. Some people  hate  using planners. Theyd rather walk on a pile of crushed glass than actually write something down in a planner. Thats quite all right. One student kept a wadded up piece of paper in his pocket where hed scrawl his assignments. It worked for him, so it was fine. For those of you not keen on planners or crumpled up notes,  your phone can come in really handy. Just download a productivity app and type your assignments in there. Or, keep track of all the work due in the notes section of your phone. Or, snap a picture of the homework board in each teachers class before you head out into the hallway. Or, if you are really dead-set against anything planner-related, then just send yourself a text after each class with your homework assignments for the night. No matter which planning system you prefer, use it. Check off each item once you get it in your backpack. Your brain can only process so much information at a time, so you absolutely must write your homework down if you plan to complete it on time.   Tip 2: Prioritize Your Homework Assignments All assignments are not created equal. Its strongly recommended you use a prioritizing system when you sit down at home with your homework. Try a system a little  something like this: A 1 assignment is of primary importance. Severe negative consequences will occur if this assignment is not completed tonight.Examples: Studying for a major test coming up tomorrow. Finishing a major project due tomorrow. Writing an essay worth a LOT of points that is due tomorrow.  A 2 assignment is important. Some negative consequences will occur if this assignment is not completed tonight.Examples:  Studying for a quiz coming up tomorrow. Completing a homework sheet that is due tomorrow. Reading a chapter that is due tomorrow.  A 3 assignment needs to be finished by the end of the week.  Examples: Studying for a spelling test that will occur on Friday. Writing a blog and posting it on the class board by Friday. Finish a book upon which you will take a quiz on Friday.A 4 assignment is ongoing and needs to be finished by test day or the end of the quarter.  Examples: Reviewing chapters for the midterm exam. Working on an on-going project, research paper, or long assignment due at the end of the quarter. Completing a packet that isnt due for two weeks.   Once youve prioritized the work you have to do, complete all the 1s first, then the 2s, moving down as you go. That way, if you find yourself pressed for time because Great-Grandma decided to stop over for family dinner and your mom insisted you spend the evening playing bridge with her despite the fact that you have hours of homework ahead of you, then you will not have missed anything vitally important to your grade.   Tip 3: Get the Worst Assignment Over With First So, maybe you absolutely hate writing essays (But, why, though when all you have to do is follow these essay tips?) and you have a major essay staring you in the face that  must  be completed before tomorrow. You also have to study for a major math test, complete a social studies blog by Friday, study for the ACT  next month,  and finish up your science worksheet from class. Your 1 assignments would be the essay and the math test. Your 2 assignment is the science worksheet, the 3 assignment is that blog, and the 4 assignment is studying for the ACT.   Ordinarily, you would start with the science worksheet because you  love  science, but that would be a big mistake. Start with those 1 assignments and knock out that essay first. Why? Because you hate it. And completing the worst assignment first gets it off your mind, out of your homework cache, and makes everything that comes after it appears to be really, really easy. It will be an absolute  joy  to complete that science worksheet once you have written the essay. Why rob yourself of joy?   Then, once youve completed the stuff due first, you can focus on putting in a little bit of time on the ACT. Easy peasy. Tip 4: Take Planned Breaks Some people believe that sitting down to complete homework means that you literally park your behind in a chair and you dont move it for the next four thousand hours or so. That is one of the worst study ideas in history. Your brain only has the capacity to stay focused for about 45 minutes (maybe even less for some of you) before it goes on the fritz and starts wanting to make you get up and dance the Roger Rabbit. So, schedule your study time with breaks actually built in. Work for 45 minutes, then take a 10-minute break to do whatever it is people your age like to do. Then, rinse and repeat. It looks a little something like this: Homework Time: 45 minutes: Work on 1 assignments, starting with the absolute worst.10 minutes: Get a snack, play Pokemon Go!, surf Instagram45 minutes: Work on 1 assignments again. You know you didnt finish.10 minutes: Do some jumping jacks, dance the Macarena, polish your nails.45 minutes: Work on 2 assignments and maybe even finish with any 3s and 4s. Put everything in your backpack. Completing your homework on time is a learned skill. It requires some discipline and not everyone is naturally disciplined. So, you have to practice checking that you have everything you need for homework when you are still at school, prioritizing your work, plunging into the assignments you loathe, and taking planned breaks. Isnt your grade worth it? You bet it is.

Family Therapy Essays

Family Therapy Essays Family Therapy Paper Family Therapy Paper This purpose of this assignment is to provide an outline of the major concepts of six different systemic family therapy approaches including: adlerian family therapy, multigenerational therapy, the human validation process model, experiential symbolic family therapy, structural family therapy and strategic family therapy. A brief overview of each modality will be given and then an exploration of the value of working systemically with the case study of Stan will be made. In addition, two social construction therapies, including solution focused therapy and narrative therapy will be reviewed and then finally these therapies will also be applied to the case study of Stan. PART A- SYSTEMIC THERAPIES A systemic perspective holds the assumption that an individual is best understood in the context of their family system. Family members interactions and behaviours are interconnected with others within the family and symptoms are often viewed as an expression of patterns within a family (Corey, 2005, p. 424). In this section, six different systemic family therapies will be outlined and the case study of Stan will be discussed from a systemic perspective. Adlerian Family Therapy: Alfred Adler was an Austrian Doctor and Psychologist who was one of the first members of Freud’s Vienna Psychoanalytic Society in the early 1900’s (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2008, p. 151). He later diverged from Freud’s theories, as he perceived man as a social being with a natural inclination toward other people. He maintained that to understand an individual we needed to understand them within the social context that they exist (Adler, 1929, pp. 0-116). Adler was interested in a client’s social perspective and sense of community, birth order and family relationships and family constellations (ibid). Adler’s theories evolved from the concept of an inferiority complex which he believed motivates us to strive for success and work towards life goals that will see us overcome this com plex (Corey 2005, pp. 94-95). Adlerian Family Therapy is referred to as teleological. That is a belief that we are motivated by our future and drawn to our goals and life purpose, rather than driven by our instincts or past trauma as was believed by Freud (Boeree, 2006). : The stages of Adlerian Family Therapy can be described as Relationship, Psychological Investigation, Interpretation and Reorientation (Sweeny 1989, pp. 239-260). The basic aims of the therapist are establishing and maintaining a good relationship with the client, exploring the dynamics of a person by looking at their birth order characteristics and assessing their lifestyle, encouraging the development of insight and helping the family to set new goals that are aligned and encourage cooperation, self esteem and social interest (ibid). Adler considered encouragement to be the essential element in working towards change with a client. He believed that people who feel encouraged are more likely to accept themselves and strive for improvement (Sweeny 1989, pp. 239-260). Adlerian Family Therapists assume roles of educators, motivational investigators and collaborators. They will identify and discover the meaning of transactional patterns, set homework, teach new skills, promote effective parenting and build family pride with an emphasis on â€Å"changing the system and individual functioning within a new system† (Sherman Dinkmeyer, 1987, p. 39). Multi-generational Family Therapy: Murray Bowen was a psychoanalytically trained American psychiatrist who used a multigenerational approach when working with individuals (Brown, J. 2007, p. 12). The major concept of his theory is Differentiation of Self, which refers to the degree to which a person can think, act and follow their own values without having their behaviour automatically driven by the emotional cues of others (Bowen, 1994, pp. 476-477). Bowen maintained that levels of differentiation, patterns of behaviour and ways of relating to others are passed down through multiple generations and he described this as the Multigenerational Transmission Process (ibid). He also emphasised the role that Triangles, or three-way relationships, play in diffusing anxiety within a system and he used the term Nuclear Family Emotional System to explain patterns of emotional interaction that occur within a family to manage or absorb anxiety (ibid). Other concepts in this theory include: The Family Projection Process or the process of parents transmitting their own low level of differentiation onto the most susceptible child (Bowen, 1978, p. 204); Emotional cutoff which refers to a person emotionally distancing themselves in an attempt to reduce their anxiety (Bowen, 1978, p. 35); Sibling Positions which illustrate that similar characteristics are found among people who share the same order of birth and the final concept of Bowen’s Theory is Societal Emotional Process which refers to the way increased levels of anxiety within society are managed resulting in both progressive and regressive periods (Bowen Kerr 1988, p. 334) The main goal of Multi-Gener ational Therapy is to reduce chronic anxiety by increasing levels of differentiation and awareness of how the individuals emotional system functions (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2008, p. 195). Reflections are not on the individual’s intra-psychic processes but on their own family’s intergenerational patterns of relationships (ibid). The therapist adopts a neutral and objective position acting as a coach. They assist family members to become their own researchers in their patterns of functioning within the context of their family system using genograms, homework and visits to family of origin (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2008, p. 197). Human Validation Process Model: Virginia Satir was an American social worker, therapist and writer and is considered a pioneer in the development of family systems therapy. Her Human Validation Process Model grew from her desire to bring each family to its inherent potential and thereby achieve family ‘wellness’ (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2008, p. 222). Her approach emphasises congruent communication, emotional experiencing and building the self-esteem of each family member as essential components to the therapy (ibid). Satir believed the relationship between the therapist and the family was more important than any techniques being used and she thought of the therapist as a model of effective communication and a resource for developing ways to express emotions (ibid). Jordan (2008, p. 313) illustrates the five major concepts of the Human Validation Process Model. These include: A focus on health and growth as apposed to pathology; the role of the therapist as being helping individuals to draw on their intrinsic resources to develop coping skills; symptoms and dysfunctional behaviour result from these internal resources being constrained through rigid beliefs and unrealistic expectations; systems operate with universal principles; and change is always possible and can be most effectively activated when therapists work with process rather than content. Satir used an intergenerational approach to discover family patterns and worked under the premise that our behaviour reflects what we have learned, learning is the basis of behaviour and thus to change behaviour we have to have new learning (Corey, 2005, pp. 183-185). To accomplish new learning Satir believed in creating a nurturing context where the relationship between the therapist and the family was of primary importance. Some of the various techniques Satir used included humour, touch, role-playing, reframing, family reconstruction, and family sculpture (ibid). Experiential Symbolic Family Therapy: Carl Whitaker was an American psychiatrist who is also considered a pioneer in family systems therapy. Corey (2005, pp. 183-185) describes the goals of experiential symbolic therapy, as being to increase awareness of one’s present experiencing, facilitating individual growth and more effective interactional patterns, and promoting authenticity. Whitaker’s approach was unorthodox, active and confronting and he believed that to bring about change and flexibility within a family, the therapist needed to be personally involved in the therapy (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2008, p. 08). He stressed the importance of the therapist finding a balance between strong emotional confrontation and warmth and support. Several generations of a family are included in the therapy as Whitaker considered the family as an integrated whole, not as a collection of individuals. He also pioneered the use of co-therapists as a means of maintaining objectivity while using his highly provocative techni ques to turn up the emotional temperature in families (ibid). Whitaker viewed family therapy occurring across several different stages (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2008, p. 15). The engagement phase sees a battle for structure ensue. During this phase it is the therapists role to set minimum standards and take control of the therapy. Following this phase a battle for initiative often sees a family become eager for the therapist to fix them or provide them with solutions but instead they are introduced to change through confrontation, exaggeration, anecdote and play. As the family progresses to a stage where they only require minimal intervention, the therapist can become more creative and provoke more spontaneous responses. Finally as the family begins to utilise more of their own resources and take on increased responsibility for their way of living the therapy moves to the separation phase where there can often be a sense of loss and sadness over the therapy terminating (ibid). Structural Family Therapy: The development of the structural approach began with Argentinean family therapist, Salvador Minuchin in the early sixties (James MacKinnon, 1986, p. 223). This approach views behaviour as a response the familial and social system in which it occurs. Problematic behaviour is maintained, not caused by the system and often only presents when the system is faced with major stresses or transitional periods (ibid). Structural family therapy views the family in terms of structure, subsystems, boundaries and hierarchies. Structure describes the repeated patterns that define family relationships, and includes the rules that govern behaviour and dictate the assumption of roles and functions. The hierarchical structure of the family describes the framework of authority, which in turn determines how conflict will be mediated (Sholevar Schwoeri, 2003, p. 40). Structural family therapy is more action focused rather than insight oriented. The therapeutic relationship in structural therapy is not emphasised. Rather a therapist will join the family system and attempt to manipulate structures, regulate intensity, and modify dysfunctional patterns with techniques such as reframing, enactment, unbalancing hierarchies and tracking of transactional sequences (Corey, 2005, pp. 183-185). Fundamental goals of this therapy are to transform the systems homeostasis, or the desire to maintain stability or the status quo, develop new structures and altering the family’s transactions (Sholevar Schwoeri, 2003, p. 9). Strategic Family Therapy: Jay Haley was an American Psychologist and Family Therapist who began working with Salvador Minuchin at the Philadelphia Child Guidance Clinic in the late 1960’s (Corey, 2005, p. 429). Their work was very similar and widely practised by family systems therapists during the 1970’s. Both the Structu ral and Strategic models are directive and seek to modify maladaptive structures or interactional sequences within families. Similarly insight is considered unimportant and the therapeutic relationship is not considered a major component of the therapy (ibid). The structural and strategic models differences lie in the way that the family’s problems are viewed. Whilst Minuchin viewed a family’s symptoms as involuntary, Haley viewed a family’s symptoms or problems as an adaptive strategy that served a function in the system (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2008, p. 277). Cloe Madanes is an American Family Therapist and Psychologist who joined her husband, Jay Haley in 1975 to form the Family Therapy Institute of Washington DC (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2008, p. 277). The Haley-Madanes approach sees therapists working directively as consultants and experts. Therapy is carefully planned and goals are set to alleviate the presenting problem and problematic family structures are explored. (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2008, p. 275). The primary goal of the interventions carried out by the therapists is to shift the family structures so that symptoms or the presenting problem no longer serves a function within the system (ibid). Working Systemically with Stan Corey (2005, pp. 10-15) presents a case study of a Stan, a 25-year-old male who has been mandated to attend counselling after a drink driving offence. Stan has presented as a psychology student, working in construction with problems with relationships and alcohol. As Stan has identified that most of his relationships with other people are difficult, especially those with his family of origin, working with him from a systemic perspective could be particularly beneficial. Stan has commented â€Å"although I’d like to have people in my life, I just don’t know how to go about making friends or getting close to people† (Corey, 2005, p. 14). Working systemically would assist Stan in gaining insight into his interpersonal style and how this affects his relationships. Family of origin work would provide Stan an opportunity to discover patterns of interacting that occur within his family across multiple generations. He would learn rules within his family that have dictated decisions that he has made in his life with people outside of his family and it would provide him with clarity around the difficulties he has with getting close to people. By constructing a genogram of Stan’s family it would allow him to see very clearly that problems with alcohol are a prominent pattern within his family of origin. This may be new information to Stan that he may not have conceptualised before seeing the pattern depicted visually, even if he had an awareness of particular family members who drank heavily. The genogram would be a useful tool in providing Stan many other hypotheses that could help him to comprehend some of the underlying emotional processes that occur within his family (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2008, p194). The genogram also offers the family a way of understanding the therapeutic exploratory process in a way that is not highly emotive (ibid). By including his family in the therapy various other interactional patterns could be presented in a multi-generational context to explore how the family maintains alcohol as the problem (Corey, 2005, p. 450). Working systemically provides the therapist with more than one perspective, allowing the therapist to track interactions and to facilitate changes in the way the family communicates and interacts with each other. According to Satir, by offering the family a nurturing context in which they can gain new learning, new patterns of behaviour can emerge (Corey, 2005, pp. 83-185) and Stan can begin to experience meaningful and fulfilling relationships such as he desires without having to rely on alcohol to facilitate them. PART B- SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION THERAPIES Social constructionism has brought about a therapeutic perspective where truth and reality are viewed as being subjectively bound by history and context as opposed to objective, irrefutable facts (Corey, 2005, p. 385). In postmod ern thinking there has been a shift from experts assigning meaning to an individuals experience to a more collaborative approach where the client is considered the expert and therapists the consultants (ibid). Social constructionists challenge conventional knowledge, they encourage suspicion of assumptions of reality, they assert that language and concepts used to form meaning are historically and culturally specific, and that what we consider to be truth is constructed through social processes (Corey, 2005, p. 386). This section will outline two modalities of social construction therapies and then apply them to the case study of Stan. Solution Focused Brief Therapy Steve de Shazer was an American Social Worker, Psychotherapist and author who along with his wife, Korean born Social Worker and Psychotherapist Insoo Kim Berg, founded the Brief Family Therapy Center in Milwaukee in 1978 (Simon, p. 27. 2010). Solution Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) differs from traditional psychotherapy where the therapist’s focus is on problem formation and problem resolution. Instead, SFBT focuses on client strengths and internal resources by exploring previous solutions and exceptions to the problem, and then, through a series of interventions, encourages clients to do more of those behaviours (Macdonald, 2007, p. ). Therapists allow clients to determine the goals of therapy and assume a respectful, cooperative stance where interventions are delivered within the client’s context of understanding, often in the client’s own language or phrases (Macdonald, 2007, pp. 7-8). Whilst a set number of sessions are not necessarily contracted at the outset of therapy, therapists will usually see clients an average of three times with the principle of minimal intervention reducing the need for extensive histories to be gained by the therapists or in depth explanations of the difficulties to be offered (O’Connell, 2005, p19). SFBT is a future-focused, goal-directed approach that uses questions designed to identify exceptions, or times when the problem doesn’t occur, solutions and scales to measure where the client currently is in relation to their goal and discover behaviours needed achieve further progress towards their goals (Corey, 2005, p394). Miracle questions are used to encourage clients to dream, as a way of finding out what they most want and providing a description of life without the problem (ibid). SFBT also uses homework, pre-therapy change exploration, compliments and bridging to elicit change (ibid). Narrative Therapy Michael White was an Australian Social Worker, author and Psychotherapist who developed Narrative Therapy with his colleague, New Zealand Social Worker and Psychotherapist David Epston (Piercy, Sprenkle Wetchler, 1996, p133). White and Epston believed that individuals form meanings of life through interpretive and often negative dominant stories that are treated as absolute truths and internalized. They referred to this as a problem saturation, which doesn’t allow people to see the times when they don’t have the problem or their dominant story (ibid). A Narrative approach will externalise the problem to allow a person to challenge its influence on their lives and re-write their story with a richer alternative narrative (ibid). Narrative therapists will adopt a collaborative approach to assist the client to form a name for the problem, explore how the problem has been impacting the client, discover times when the problem hasn’t been present or occurring and encourage the client to find alternative meanings and stories with new language and perspectives (Corey, 2005, p. 398-399). The narrative approach emphasises the importance of optimism, respect, curiosity, persistence and valuing the client’s knowledge (ibid). Techniques that are used by therapists include externalization, deconstruction, searching for unique outcomes, creating alternative stories and re-authoring, providing an audience to the changes the client is making through encouraging clients to share their successes with others, writing letters to the clients and jointly writing case notes with the clients to lesson the power differential between therapists and clients (Piercy et al, 1996 p. 33-134). Working with Stan from a Social Construction Perspective In working with Stan from a social construction approach, the therapist would assume that Stan is the expert on his life and that the therapist’s role is as a collaborative consultant (Corey, 2005, p. 504). Stan has already identified his goals to be having more people in his life, finding a career where he can make a difference to others, feel equal to others, and find more helpful ways of coping (Corey, 2005, p. 14). The therapist would assist Stan to further define these goals and explores skills that he already possesses to assist him to achieve these goals. Combining a narrative and solution focused approach, the therapist would empower Stan to draw on his internal resources to make the changes he desires and achieve the goals he has identified rather than seeking to understand the source or history of his problems (Corey, 2005, p. 504). The value of working this way is that alcohol and Stan’s fear of relationships are externalized and he is offered the opportunity to re-author the story of his life. Using a social constructionist approach, a therapist would focus on Stan’s strengths, explore the exceptions and encourage Stan to harness these skills so that he can experience more of the positive outcomes he has achieved at these times (Macdonald, 2007, p. 1). Stan’s identified determination, ‘guts to leave his shady past behind’ and acceptance into college would be hi-lighted and the times that he has successfully worked with young people at youth camps would be explored as an exception (Corey, 2005, pp. 12-13). Stan would be encouraged to utilise these solutions in other areas of his life where he feels defined by his problems. Stan has previously experienced the benefits of having his strengths witnessed by an audience and described his youth camp supervisor’s confidence in him as a â€Å"major turning point† (Corey, 2005, p. 13). To further this experience a therapist could encourage Stan to identify people such as family members, his peers or perhaps his supervisor to become ‘outsider witnesses’ and at an appropriate stage of therapy these witnesses would be invited in to hear Stan’s revised and re-authored life narrative (Payne, 2006, p. 16). In conclusion, by undertaking a review of a variety of both systemic and social construction therapies and then applying both ways of working to the case study of Stan provides clarity around the effectiveness of both approaches when working with either an individual or a family. It would seem that using an integrated methodology has much to offer both the client and the practitioner in meeting the particular needs of families and individuals presenting for therapy. REFERENCE LIST Adler, A. (1929) The Science of Living. George Allen Unwin: London Boeree, J. (2006) Personality Theories. Alfred Adler [Online], Available: http://webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/adler. html Accessed 16/08/2010 at 6. 15pm Bowen, M (1978) Family Therapy in Clinical Practice. Aronson: New Jersey Bowen, M. (1994) Family Therapy in Clinical Practice. Aronson: New York Brown, J. (2007) Going Home Again: A family of origin approach to individual therapy. Psychotherapy in Australia, Vol. 14:1, 12-18 Corey, G. (2005) Student Manual for Theory and Practice of Counselling and Psychotherapy 7th ed. Brooks/Cole Thompson: California Goldenberg, I Goldenberg, H. (2008) Family Therapy: An Overview. Thomson Brooks/Cole: California James, K MacKinnon, K. (1986) Theory and Practice of Structural Family Therapy: Illustration and Critique. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, Vol. 7:4, 223-233 Jordan, K. (2008) The Quick Theory Reference Guide: A Resource of Expert and Novice Mental Health Professionals. Nova Science Publishers: New York Kerr, M Bowen M. (1988) Family Evaluation. Norton Co: New York O’Connell, B. (2005) Solution-Focused Therapy. Sage Publications: London Payne, M. (2006) Narrative Therapy: an introduction for counsellors. Sage Publications: London Piercy, F, Sprenkle, D Wetchler, J. (1996) Family Therapy Sourcebook. The Guildford Press: New York Sherman, R Dinkmeyer, D. (1987) Systems of Family Therapy: an Adlerian Integration. Brunner-Routledge: New York Sholevar, G Schwoeri, L. (2003) Textbook of family and couples therapy: clinical applications. American Psychiatric Publishing Inc: Virginia Simon, J. (2010) Solution Focused Practice in End-of-Life Counseling. Springer Publishing: New York Sweeny, T. (1989) Adlerian Counseling. A Practical Approach for a New Decade (3rd ed. ). Accelerated Development: Muncie, IN.

Any vs. Either

Any vs. Either Any vs. Either Any vs. Either By Maeve Maddox I just did a double-take when reading an article about creating passport photos using Photoshop Elements and another application. Heres what threw me: If you have any of these two applications, then you can follow this simple do-it-yourself project any of these two applications Horrors! In speaking of two applications, the word either is called for: If you have either of these two applications. If, however, one is talking about three or more applications, one may say: If you have any of the photo editing applications available these days, you can. NOTE: either = one or the other; from OE hwaether, each of two any = one indifferently out of more than two The negative of either is neither. Here are some quotations from the press: the poor and the unwanted, with people very much like my mother.My mother needed neither my pity nor my shame. Just my compassion and respect. (www.nytimes.com) on trade and immigration - is taking root within his adopted party, and those uneasy with grievance politics are either giving in or giving up the fight. (www.nytimes.com) Hearty and nutritious, but still buttery and rich, these unfussy pancakes come together quickly and without any special equipment. (www.nytimes.com) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Synonyms for â€Å"Leader†Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous75 Synonyms for â€Å"Hard†

Local Church Leader And Funerals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Local Church Leader And Funerals - Essay Example One of the most challenging aspects when it comes to conducting funerals to non-believers is the fact that some of them do not believe in God or in life after death. The bible denotes that the will of God, the father is that everyone who looks unto the Son and believes in the Son, will have eternal life, and such a person will be raised up on the last day. This is one of the major tenets of Christianity, and it is further reinforced by the fact that Christians believed that Jesus Christ, the Son of God, was raised up from the dead. For instance, in 1st Peter Chapter 1verses 3, the bible denotes that God, who is the father of Jesus Christ was able to raise Jesus Christ from death, and on this basis, God has begotten us, and given us hope. Based on these scriptures, therefore, the resurrection is an important belief amongst Christians. However, atheists and non-believers do not believe in God, nor his son Jesus Christ, and on this basis, it is very challenging for a Christian leader to conduct a funeral service amongst the nonbelievers. Scholar denotes that Christian leaders who normally speak about the resurrection of Christ, and of the dead, in a funeral service of a nonbeliever, always risk being jeered at, abused, or even shouted at. Due to these intimidations and hostilities, local church leaders are unable to effectively conduct funeral services to the non-believers. It is important to understand that intimidation and hostilities are not a new phenomenon in the Christian lives.  

The 5 Dysfunctions of a Team Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The 5 Dysfunctions of a Team - Essay Example Lencioni believe that these five "feed on each other" in destroying the success of the group. Lencioni emphasized the negative effects of the absence of trust in a team. Without this, any member of a team will not harmoniously work with each other. This breeds another dysfunction: fear of airing of constructive and genuine opinions to his group members. In a team with closed communication lines, team members rarely commit to clear and agreed upon decisions. Without lucid commitment to a clear plan of action, hesitation of each member to be accountable to his action will most likely follow. Whenever accountability is not held by members of a team, results of the team will be unnoticed. Inattention to results will consequentially create an environment wherein team members put their individual needs above that of those of the group. As we can see the existence of one creates a chain reaction that often results the emergence of the rest. What engenders the greatest impact on me upon reading Lencioni's solutions to these five dysfunctions masterpiece is the author's solutions or countermeasures to the first dysfunction, the lack or absence of trust. He first stressed the importance of having a competent leader in a group. He will instigate discipline and persistence that the rest of his team members need. He should initiate the solutions posed by Lencioni.

USA HIstory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

USA HIstory - Research Paper Example This was particularly due to the rules on escaped sleeves which demanded that those helping escaped slaves be punished, this pitted south against north since many abolitionists would aid than in their escape when they went ran north to freedom (Kelly). The election of Abraham Lincoln a republican firm on abolishing slavery caused seven states to secede and form a confederacy, when the war begun in earnest, four more states joined them in the quest to fight for the right to practice slavery. The civil war was greatly divisive as it pitted neighbors and sometimes even brothers against each other, as a result, many family and social bonds were severed never to be the same again even after the war was over The war commenced after the confederates took the Fort Sumter, which was a crucial fort for the union side, in South Carolina, in response Lincoln rallied his armies to retake the four Border States that had moved to the confederacy. The union then went ahead to assume control of the coastline and set up a naval blockade a key fort held by Union troops in South Carolina. The confederate states had assumed that Europeans countries which were heavily dependent on them for cotton and other products would back them up against the union and this emboldened them (â€Å"American Civil War†). However, this proved to have been misconstrued and no European nation ever even acknowledged the confederacy let alone supported them. What followed were four years of bloody conflict which were characterized by massive loss of life as well as destruction of property; it is worth noting that this was the first industrialized war and modern weapons and infrastructure such as railroads were extens ively used. The war was marked by several battles such as, the battles of Antietam, Vicksburg, and Manassas among others (â€Å"American Civil War†). In 1862 Lincoln made the proclamation of

Ontology, epistemology and methodology in information system Article

Ontology, epistemology and methodology in information system researches - Article Example 93), ontology was considered to be the â€Å"study of the categories of things that exist or may exist in some domain.† Moreover, he states that the product of an ontology is a â€Å"catalog of the types of things that are assumed to exist in a domain of interest D from the perspective of a person who uses a language L for the purpose of talking about D.† He adds that predicates, word senses, or concept and relation types of the language L are represented by the different types in the ontology in cases when these are used to provide a discussion of the topics in the domain D (Sowa, 1993). Viinikkala (2003) defined ontology as an aged branch of philosophy, the purpose of which is to establish the truth about reality by answering the persistent inquiry of what exists. Furthermore, she shares Sowa’s goal of ontology which is to provide an â€Å"objective description of reality and any domain of objects† (Viinikkala, 2003, p. 3). Table 1. Common elements in th e philosophical definition of ontology Gruber Sowa Viinikkala What is ontology? explicit specification of a conceptualization study of the categories of things that exist or may exist in some domain branch of philosophy that establishes truth about reality Goal provide specification for a representation of a world catalog of the types of things that are assumed to exist in a domain of interest provide an objective description of reality and any domain of objects 2.1.1 Objectivity philosophy In a philosophical sense, objectivity is believing in an issue on the basis of what can be said in favor of, and against, its truth, without putting any bearing on whether one would prefer to believe the truth or not (Yandell, 1999, p. 15). Objectivity does not require for one to have any amount of feeling for the belief to be true... This paper states that the increasing interest in the subject of ontology, epistemology, and methodology in information system researches is brought about by their extensive applicability in the domains of information systems analysis and design (ISAD). As information systems are practically representations of real-world phenomena and scenarios, it is considered an important thrust to accurately and appropriately identify the entities that need to be represented and, essentially, how these should be represented. Because of the extensive applicability of ontology and, consequently, those of epistemology and methodology, it would serve the field well if these concepts and other constructs pertaining to them are properly defined. Since different sources may provide a variety of different definitions for these terms, it will be wise to draw out the commonalities from these definitions. Moreover, it is wise to note that the definitions for these concepts are presented differently on a phi losophical level, as compared with those on a technical or practical level. These differences should be noted as well in order to better unify these philosophical and practical meanings. The concepts of ontology, epistemology, and methodology are gaining extensive applicability in the information systems. While there are, to an extent, some similarities between the definitions of these concepts in a philosophical sense and when used in information system, a closer look at how these concepts are applied in the information system reveals certain significant differences.

Experiences of nurses working in palliative care Dissertation

Experiences of nurses working in palliative care - Dissertation Example I wish to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Mike for being there for me and taking time out of your busy schedule to meet up with me and giving me valuable advice and guidance, once again a massive thank you. A special thank you to my family in Cameroon, especially my mother who have been my pillar of strength, and her unending prayers for my success. To my sister Quinta and my brother Collins, thank you all for your support and encouragement and I pray and wish for better things for you both. Finally to my better half Tiga, thanks for your enduring patient and coping mechanism when I was really down and stress, thank you so much for your understanding. Abstract The aim of this critical literature review aim is to investigate the experiences of Nurses working in the field of palliative care. It will examine at length using qualitative methods and only primary research papers. The objectives inherent in this field of nursing include symptom suppression as well as psychological su pport for patients and families alike. This review will provide the reader with current literature on the identified subject. The process will involve choosing a topic, search relevant literatures pertinent to the chosen topic, gathering reading and analysing the literature. Three theme chapters will emerge from the review which will be looked into in depth. Palliative nursing is a relatively new specialization requiring greater understanding and advocacy. The Supportive care model is emphasized as a description of the objectives necessary for this specialization. The most prevalent pathology leading to the need for palliative care is cancer, but there are other chronic illnesses that also put patients in need of this form of support. Finally, nurses themselves require a proactive emotional support structure to avoid compassion fatigue and burnout. Table of Contents Title Page Acknowledgement Abstract Introduction Background Methodology Theme Chapter 1 (Challenges in palliative care ) Theme Chapter 2 (Trust in palliative care) Theme Chapter 3 (The wellbeing of palliative nurses) Discussion of Finding Limitation of study Limitations of the Literature Review Process Conclusions and Summary Implications For Practice Reference List. Appendix 1 Dissertation Proposal Appendix 2 Timetable For the review Appendix 3 A Structure for appraising Qualitative Research Matrix Table CHAPER 1 1:1 Introduction. This critical literature review will explore nurses working in palliative care and their experiences. According to the World Health Organization, 60% of the 56 million people who die somewhere in the world every year would benefit from palliative care during their final months (WHO, 2002). Among these people not all are among the elderly. There is ample evidence that a caring approach which embraces psychological, psychosocial and spiritual support is highly effective and is valued by both patients and families (Beaver et al, 2002. This review’s purpose is to provi de the reader with adequate and most current literatures on the identified subject (Cronin et al, 2008) the processes involved a literature review, identifying a topic, search relevant literature, gathering, reading and analysing the literature and writing the review (Cronin et al, 20

Proposed research direction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Proposed research direction - Essay Example The consumer demand in the luxury market exhibits inelastic behavior and classical marketing approaches are inefficient towards these consumers. The article also makes great references to other effects observed only in the luxury markets that can be exploited in parallel with the snob effect. Depending on the product and its target audience one can select the strongest marketing effect out of five presented components: Veblen effect, bandwagon effect, hedonic effect, perfectionist effect and snob effect. A combination of all the effects might be an overkill for our research, but presents a good overview of how deep one can go in order to properly design a marketing strategy in the luxury segment. Even if sale volumes are miniscule compared to large retail discounters the profit margins are much larger, which presents a unique business opportunity. However, large profit margins require a carefully selected and thought-out marketing strategy, which should take into account the psychological profile of the future consumer. 2. TaskÄ ±n Dirsehana, Meltem Celikb, (2011), Profiling online consumers according to their experiences with a special focus on social dimension. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 24 (2011) 401–412 Authors present a new marketing tool that helps to identify your target customer audience with the help of modern technologies. It studies the behavior of online consumers and classifies them in seven categories: â€Å"individual hedonists, highly socials, holistic consumers, action-oriented consumers, knowledge seekers, sense-directed consumers and social utilitarian consumers†. Once a marketing department has an exact profile of consumers to target it becomes easier and more cost effective to come up, for example, with an advertising campaign. In the present days online shopping and online presence is a must for any

Experiences of nurses working in palliative care Dissertation

Experiences of nurses working in palliative care - Dissertation Example I wish to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Mike for being there for me and taking time out of your busy schedule to meet up with me and giving me valuable advice and guidance, once again a massive thank you. A special thank you to my family in Cameroon, especially my mother who have been my pillar of strength, and her unending prayers for my success. To my sister Quinta and my brother Collins, thank you all for your support and encouragement and I pray and wish for better things for you both. Finally to my better half Tiga, thanks for your enduring patient and coping mechanism when I was really down and stress, thank you so much for your understanding. Abstract The aim of this critical literature review aim is to investigate the experiences of Nurses working in the field of palliative care. It will examine at length using qualitative methods and only primary research papers. The objectives inherent in this field of nursing include symptom suppression as well as psychological su pport for patients and families alike. This review will provide the reader with current literature on the identified subject. The process will involve choosing a topic, search relevant literatures pertinent to the chosen topic, gathering reading and analysing the literature. Three theme chapters will emerge from the review which will be looked into in depth. Palliative nursing is a relatively new specialization requiring greater understanding and advocacy. The Supportive care model is emphasized as a description of the objectives necessary for this specialization. The most prevalent pathology leading to the need for palliative care is cancer, but there are other chronic illnesses that also put patients in need of this form of support. Finally, nurses themselves require a proactive emotional support structure to avoid compassion fatigue and burnout. Table of Contents Title Page Acknowledgement Abstract Introduction Background Methodology Theme Chapter 1 (Challenges in palliative care ) Theme Chapter 2 (Trust in palliative care) Theme Chapter 3 (The wellbeing of palliative nurses) Discussion of Finding Limitation of study Limitations of the Literature Review Process Conclusions and Summary Implications For Practice Reference List. Appendix 1 Dissertation Proposal Appendix 2 Timetable For the review Appendix 3 A Structure for appraising Qualitative Research Matrix Table CHAPER 1 1:1 Introduction. This critical literature review will explore nurses working in palliative care and their experiences. According to the World Health Organization, 60% of the 56 million people who die somewhere in the world every year would benefit from palliative care during their final months (WHO, 2002). Among these people not all are among the elderly. There is ample evidence that a caring approach which embraces psychological, psychosocial and spiritual support is highly effective and is valued by both patients and families (Beaver et al, 2002. This review’s purpose is to provi de the reader with adequate and most current literatures on the identified subject (Cronin et al, 2008) the processes involved a literature review, identifying a topic, search relevant literature, gathering, reading and analysing the literature and writing the review (Cronin et al, 20

The Human Resource Management in an International Setting Research Paper - 1

The Human Resource Management in an International Setting - Research Paper Example A flow of new migrants in any country may have a huge impact on the labour market, however the positive or negative aspect of the impact greatly depends on the jobs being created due to the spending of the immigrants to boost businesses and their production, the drop-off in the activity of the existing population such as the retirement or number of dependent population, and the capabilities of immigrants to fill the existing gaps of skills. Such factors are considered when it is decided whether migration has actually affected the labour market of a particular country negatively or positively. Moreover, in the UK, analysts suggest that immigration has led to a huge impact on the labour market which is mostly regarded as a positive one (Adesina, 2008, p. 72). According to the statistics and trends which have been observed in the labour market since the 1940s when the mass migration took place, it can be concluded that there have been several positive impacts of migration when it comes to the diversity and the increase in skill levels. But at a critical level of analysis, it can be said that there have been many distributional impacts which means that competition levels in the market rose and businesses experienced more rivalry. As the years have passed since the 1940s, the pressure of migration has increased and the impact of immigration on the UK local communities have also been obvious especially at a time of rapid change that Britain is going through continually from time to time. This is why countries need to maintain the laws and policies for migration and control the negative effects (Ham, 2010, p. 152). Migration has taken place in a number of countries which had opportunities in the labour market. However, due to this migration, the prominent labour markets such as that of the UK have been overcrowded which has resulted in the reduction of wages.

Hamburger - Fast food Essay Example for Free

Hamburger Fast food Essay We’ve all heard it, whether it be through a friend, the news, or in the newspaper. Lawsuits being filed against McDonald’s for the cause of obesity in the accuser or their family. In August 2002 two different parents of two different girls both living in the Bronx sued McDonald’s for the obesity of each individual child. They stated that McDonald’s had failed to disclose clearly the ingredients in its food, therefore, accounting for the obesity. Again in February 2003 another claim was made by an unknown â€Å"victim† that McDonald’s food is more dangerous and harmful than a customer would have reason expect. In July 2002 a man by the name of Caesar Barber filed a suit against McDonald’s, Wendy’s, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and Burger King. He alleged that their food caused his obesity, heart attacks, and diabetes. We’ve all heard it, whether it be through a friend, the news, or in the newspaper. Lawsuits being filed against McDonald’s for the cause of obesity in the accuser or their family. In August 2002 two different parents of two different girls both living in the Bronx sued McDonald’s for the obesity of each individual child. They stated that McDonald’s had failed to disclose clearly the ingredients in its food, therefore, accounting for the obesity. Again in February 2003 another claim was made by an unknown â€Å"victim† that McDonald’s food is more dangerous and harmful than a customer would have reason expect. In July 2002 a man by the name of Caesar Barber filed a suit against McDonald’s, Wendy’s, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and Burger King. He alleged that their food caused his obesity, heart attacks, and diabetes. We’ve all heard it, whether it be through a friend, the news, or in the newspaper. Lawsuits being filed against McDonald’s for the cause of obesity in the accuser or their family. In August 2002 two different parents of two different girls both living in the Bronx sued McDonald’s for the obesity of each individual child. They stated that McDonald’s had failed to disclose clearly the ingredients in its food, therefore, accounting for the obesity. Again in February 2003 another claim was made by an unknown â€Å"victim† that McDonald’s food is more dangerous and harmful than a customer would have reason expect. In July 2002 a man by the name of Caesar Barber filed a suit against McDonald’s, Wendy’s, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and Burger King. He alleged that their food caused his obesity, heart attacks, and diabetes. We’ve all heard it, whether it be through a friend, the news, or in the newspaper. Lawsuits being filed against McDonald’s for the cause of obesity in the accuser or their family. In August 2002 two different parents of two different girls both living in the Bronx sued McDonald’s for the obesity of each individual child. They stated that McDonald’s had failed to disclose clearly the ingredients in its food, therefore, accounting for the obesity. Again in February 2003 another claim was made by an unknown â€Å"victim† that McDonald’s food is more dangerous and harmful than a customer would have reason expect. In July 2002 a man by the name of Caesar Barber filed a suit against McDonald’s, Wendy’s, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and Burger King. He alleged that their food caused his obesity, heart attacks, and diabetes. We’ve all heard it, whether it be through a friend, the news, or in the newspaper. Lawsuits being filed against McDonald’s for the cause of obesity in the accuser or their family. In August 2002 two different parents of two different girls both living in the Bronx sued McDonald’s for the obesity of each individual child. They stated that McDonald’s had failed to disclose clearly the ingredients in its food, therefore, accounting for the obesity. Again in February 2003 another claim was made by an unknown â€Å"victim† that McDonald’s food is more dangerous and harmful than a customer would have reason expect. In July 2002 a man by the name of Caesar Barber filed a suit against McDonald’s, Wendy’s, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and Burger King. He alleged that their food caused his obesity, heart attacks, and diabetes. We’ve all heard it, whether it be through a friend, the news, or in the newspaper. Lawsuits being filed against McDonald’s for the cause of obesity in the accuser or their family. In August 2002 two different parents of two different girls both living in the Bronx sued McDonald’s for the obesity of each individual child. They stated that McDonald’s had failed to disclose clearly the ingredients in its food, therefore, accounting for the obesity. Again in February 2003 another claim was made by an unknown â€Å"victim† that McDonald’s food is more dangerous and harmful than a customer would have reason expect. In July 2002 a man by the name of Caesar Barber filed a suit against McDonald’s, Wendy’s, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and Burger King. He alleged that their food caused his obesity, heart attacks, and diabetes. jsjsjsWe’ve all heard it, whether it be through a friend, the news, or in the newspaper. Lawsuits being filed against McDonald’s for the cause of obesity in the accuser or their family. In August 2002 two different parents of two different girls both living in the Bronx sued McDonald’s for the obesity of each individual child. They stated that McDonald’s had failed to disclose clearly the ingredients in its food, therefore, accounting for the obesity. Again in February 2003 another claim was made by an unknown â€Å"victim† that McDonald’s food is more dangerous and harmful than a customer would have reason expect. In July 2002 a man by the name of Caesar Barber filed a suit against McDonald’s, Wendy’s, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and Burger King. He alleged that their food caused his obesity, heart attacks, and diabetes. hzjzjzznnzWe’ve all heard it, whether it be through a friend, the news, or in the newspaper. Lawsuits being filed against McDonald’s for the cause of obesity in the accuser or their family. In August 2002 two different parents of two different girls both living in the Bronx sued McDonald’s for the obesity of each individual child. They stated that McDonald’s had failed to disclose clearly the ingredients in its food, therefore, accounting for the obesity. Again in February 2003 another claim was made by an unknown â€Å"victim† that McDonald’s food is more dangerous and harmful than a customer would have reason expect. In July 2002 a man by the name of Caesar Barber filed a suit against McDonald’s, Wendy’s, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and Burger King. He alleged that their food caused his obesity, heart attacks, and diabetes. nzjziaksolahGaa We’ve all heard it, whether it be through a friend, the news, or in the newspaper. Lawsuits being filed against McDonald’s for the cause of obesity in the accuser or their family. In August 2002 two different parents of two different girls both living in the Bronx sued McDonald’s for the obesity of each individual child. They stated that McDonald’s had failed to disclose clearly the ingredients in its food, therefore, accounting for the obesity. Again in February 2003 another claim was made by an unknown â€Å"victim† that McDonald’s food is more dangerous and harmful than a customer would have reason expect. In July 2002 a man by the name of Caesar Barber filed a suit against McDonald’s, Wendy’s, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and Burger King. He alleged that their food caused his obesity, heart attacks, and diabetes.

Treasure Island and Hard Times Essays -- Character Analysis, Stevenson

Treasure Island and Hard Times are novels in which, the effects of human influence are taken to their limit. These novels explore the terrors of two protagonists constantly being bombarded with thoughts and ideas of others. Because of the strong authority placed around them, they are exiled into their own minds. Yet, these characters still demonstrate the willingness to think on their own and express themselves freely. Stevenson and Dickens depict through their characters that the innate human ability to think and act is a product that can be influenced by all individuals one may come across. It is normal for humans to express themselves in any way they please, but for the protagonists in Treasure Island and Hard Times it is something that does not come to them naturally. When someone is being influenced, it is difficult for that person to take a stand and disregard any thoughts that are being thrown at them. They may find it challenging to think for themselves or their ideas may be completely disregarded. Jim Hawkins, the protagonist in Treasure Island is a man who experiences these situations. In the novel Treasure Island, the narrative of the story leads the readers to believe that the protagonist Jim Hawkins is a very knowledgeable boy. On his own he has, â€Å"discovered a map that leads to riches,† [Stevenson 48] and was able to find the most trustworthy men in town to tell this important information to. This proves to the reader, that Jim is wise and not foolish. However Long John Silver, The Squire and Dr. Livesey are three characters who, at times seem to believe otherwise. Long John Silver seems to doubt the competence of Jim Hawkins. He is not confident in the ideas that Jim may have to offer, so instea... ...e to tell her father that she has been, â€Å"tired and [that she has] been tired for a long time.† [Dickens 168] Louisa has developed the strength to tell her father the real emotions she has towards him and the way she felt about his various influences on her. She can explain to her father that she is very sick of his teachings, and that she wants the freedom to explore and discover for her own whim. She is finally able to confess to her father that she has been burdened by her father’s presence and that she does not agree with his ideologies. Jim Hawkins and Louisa Gradgrind have the similar desire to be heard. They are constantly battling the people in their lives who constantly sway them in various directions- not of their own. These characters both go through a cycle of discovering their own thoughts and ideas without the influence of others.

Brittney Spears Is a Dumb Media Loving Whore :: essays research papers

â€Å"Holy Shit I was so drunk that I did not even know I was married† Those exact words were uttered by Mrs. Spears just hours after she was joined in matrimony to her child hood friend. What the fuck, who in gods name gets married, especially when there drunk. At what point would the normal person say Wha, Wha, What the god-damn shit loving hell, what am I doing? No you ass hole priest I don’t, you hear me? I fucking don’t. Her spokes woman came out and said they were two kids who were having a fun time in Las Vegas. That’s NOT a reasonable reason, that’s not even close to reasonable! Nobody and I mean NOBODY gets married for fun; I don’t care how drunk you are. The truth is that there are two possibilities as to why this would happen. The first is that Miss. Spears may not fucking normal. Don’t even dare ask me who normal is. Anyway this would be a stretch for anyone other than her and Madonna, so it’s obviously not the reas on that she was wed. The other and more probable reason is that she was looking for a quick pick-me-up for her career. Ok she was hot in seventh grade, before she was rammed by Justin. Once we learned she lost her virginity her career was over. Every guy in this country said â€Å"son of a bitch† when they learned she had her cherry popped. With her latest release of â€Å"toxic† she has effectively stuck the stake in to the coffin of her career. You know the backlash that would have occurred if she and Janet Jackson had switched places during the Super Bowl. It would have been great for her media whorie-ness she could have grabbed everyone’s attention for at least 5 minuets which is longer than anyone in there right mind would listen to one of her albums.

Illegal Trade And Human Wildlife Conflict Environmental Sciences Essay

The extinction and hazard of magnetic mega-fauna is happening at an accelerated gait despite the conjunct action of concerned groups and persons worldwide. The extinction of these animate beings defies all of the international interaction that has been forcing for the convalescence and stabilizing of these flagship species. When turn toing the complicated fortunes that the different animate beings face, preservation groups find inordinately complex and extremely sensitive state of affairss and factors environing their species. Sensitivity can originate in state of affairss like the followers: the appropriation of traditional autochthonal land for habitat preservation of the animate being in inquiry. Complexity can be seen in the undermentioned state of affairs ; the debasement of the quarry species population for the preservation animate being, taking to the animate being assailing farm animal doing revenge violent deaths by the proprietors of farm animal. This is an issue compounded with economic every bit good as societal elements that push environmentalists to be advanced and experimental with their preservation attempts. The confrontation between environmentalists and these socio-economic obstructions are common phenomena in the sphere of international preservation. Each animate being that is being protected has a alone and original job confronting it. The solution to these jobs must be tailored specifically for that animate being and for the people straight affected by the animate being. However, irrespective of the singularity of the animate being ‘s state of affairs, environmentalists can larn from past instances. The rudimentss of preservation attempts such as: edifice a preservation program, accommodating it to the local community, blockading illegal activities, and happening advanced solutions are all learned throughout the procedure and past attempts and instances can impart penetration and counsel. A cardinal component nowadays in preservation of big bodied animate beings populating remote and developing countries is human-wildlife struggle. For environmentalists, human-wildlife struggle can be really sensitive and oftentimes is the basis of their preservation program. In Durban, South Africa in 2004 the International Union for the Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) held a World ‘s Park Conference ( WPC ) about â€Å" Making Coexistence † sing human-wildlife struggle faced by environmentalists as a profession. HWC was the highlighted issue of this international conference. Harmonizing to the WPC, HWC is a consequence of the demands of wildlife negatively impacting human ends or demands and frailty versa. This becomes critical when people negatively affected by wildlife feel that their demands are subordinated to the demands of the wildlife[ 1 ]. The WPC besides discussed the germinating job of rapid human development and substructure growing in much of what were preponderantly wildlife countries. This normally means that most preservation countries are the staying fragments of what used to be wildlife but are now dominated by human development. Major home ground decrease and increased human habitation has resulted in increased intersection of wildlife and people, in consequence more HWC is happening. Along with HWC another country of preservation concern revolves around illegal trafficking, poaching, and hunting of endangered animate beings. This is a planetary activity that outputs moneymaking returns and an easiness of entree since the animate being is a natural resource that is being exploited. Since illegal trafficking is a planetary endeavor that normally entails developed communicating and exchange webs throughout different states, it takes an international attempt to stem the trade of endangered species. It is because of this trouble that in 1975 the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ( CITES ) was created. This is an international understanding between the authoritiess of different states to supervise and discourage the trade of endangered speciesto protect the species from development and finally entire extinction. CITES is a legal model that can be used to implement the agreed upon international criterions nevertheless each p arty of the pact wishes. This gives a step of protection for the species nevertheless the enforcement of the convention depends on the tightness of the authorities and the resources that the state has. Often the trade of illegal animate beings occurs in tandem, hence environmentalists and people implementing the convention can utilize illustrations of other attempts to halt the trade. Since instances of illegal trade in wildlife can be so similar in signifier, the effects and solutions of one instance can be extrapolated and imprinted upon another instance. HWC and illegal trafficking of protected species appear to be two unrelated state of affairss that would hold small in common. However, both attract similar groups of militants i.e. environmentalists, preservation organisations, research workers, scientists, economic experts, and of class the people who enforce the legal regulations sing the protected animate beings. This paper deals with the inquiry of what can be learned from the success and failure of HWC direction and illegal trafficking enforcement. Both of these apparently unrelated preservation concerns can frequently happen in the same countries and trade with the same species. The empirical instance of the snow leopard illustrates the causes, effects, preservation programs, and advanced solutions that can be used for both HWC and illegal trafficking. The instance involves: the complicated state of affairss that the snow leopard finds itself in throughout its home ground, the scope of jobs that environmentalists are covering with, and the jobs dealt with in the yesteryear. To discourse this instance decently the following subdivisions will travel as follows: background, human-wildlife instance, illegal trafficking instance, discussion/analysis, and decisions.Background:The snow leopard ( Uncia uncia ) is a felid species with a scope crossing 12 different states in Central Asia and the Him alayan part: Uzbekistan, Mongolia, Nepal, Russia, Afghanistan, Bhutan, Tajikistan, China, Pakistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, and India[ 2 ]. There are an estimated 4,500-7,500[ 3 ]snow leopards left in their natural home grounds. However, since snow leopards are elusive, preferring cragged, bouldery, and frequently difficult to make topographic points it is hard to acquire a precise count of the species. Snow leopards are top marauders so understanding the wellness of the snow leopard populations can bespeak the overall wellness of that ecosystem. This can be an of import tool in wildlife preservation. The state of affairs of the snow leopard is complex. A 3rd of the entire scope of the snow leopard crosses international boundaries, doing snow leopard monitoring and preservation vulnerable to international struggle caused by interstate difference or aggression.[ 4 ]Another complication is the sensitive nature of snow leopard preservation refering local dwellers. Where the scope of the snow leopard intersects human habitation it is chiefly in hapless countries with developing, mostly pastoral or agro-pastoral economic systems. The addition in protected snow leopard preservation countries occurs in or around these poorer communities and local dwellers frequently resent the presence of wildlife officers and preservation groups. Although many countries have been set aside for preservation usage, local people still maintain the right to utilize them in their traditional ways. Snow leopard attacks on local farm animal and the relatiative violent deaths that can result make a human-wildli fe struggle that can endanger snow leopard endurance. The farness and expansivity of the snow leopards scope creates a stratum of cultural differences in communities within the snow leopard ‘s home ground. These differences alter the socio-economic causes of snow leopard diminution and the parametric quantities of human-wildlife struggle. This necessitates a alone and intricate preservation action programs for each community in a preservation country. Snow leopards face a myriad of challenges to their endurance. Outside of relatiative violent deaths by local dwellers and human-wildlife struggle, the other major causes of snow leopard diminution are runing and poaching. These are issues that involve international jurisprudence and are facilitated by a globalized consumer economic system. However there have been initial actions to cover with this menace to the snow leopards. When CITES was created in 1975 the snow leopard was added to the CITES Appendix 1 list of endangered species which granted it international protection from illegal trafficking, trade, and poaching. Not all 12 provinces in the scope of the snow leopard were members of CITES in 1975 and some late joined every bit tardily as the 1990s.[ 5 ]Snow leopards have hence been exposed to continued poaching and trafficking in many countries without legal protection. In 1985 the Convention on Migratory Species ( CMS ) added the snow leopard to the Appendix 1 list of protecte d species.[ 6 ]This should hold given the snow leopard some protection since its scope crosses 12 different states. However, the snow leopard population has continued to worsen and in 2002 at the Bonn CoP for the CMS the snow leopard became a conjunct action species. In malice of the enterprises that have been taken to forestall snow leopard extinction in 2002 the CMS estimated that the snow leopard population had declined by approximately 50 % by the 1990s.[ 7 ]Human-wildlife Case:Researchers Rodney Jackson and Rinchen Wangchuk researched relatiative violent deaths by local people in the Hemis National Park located in snow leopard district. Their intent was to understand the grounds for snow leopard requital violent deaths and to research possible solutions to this HWC. When they conducted their research, there were about 1,600 persons spread out in approximately 16 separate communities in the Hemis country. There was some little scale agribusiness but farm animal was the chief bus iness in the country. The research worker ‘s chief method was to interview local families about their farm animal and snow leopard onslaughts. What they found was that a bulk of families had lost anyplace from 1 to 15 % of their herd.[ 8 ]This represents a monolithic loss for local families in developing economic systems extremely dependent on their farm animal for both nutrient and income. In this instance survey, the research workers found that the major issue loaning to the drastic sum of snow leopard predation happening was that livestock populations were significantly larger than the natural quarry of the snow leopards of this part. This created an instability in the distribution of available quarry for the snow leopard and Lent itself to higher snow leopard predation of farm animal. This is often the instance in a assortment of countries near snow leopard protected countries. Mishra et Al, found that rangeland in a peculiar country in the Spiti Valley was 80 % overstocke d with farm animal. These countries ‘ were resource depleted and the farm animal was potentially out-competing the natural herbivores.[ 9 ]This would make an environment that would let for higher farm animal depredation by snow leopards if the natural quarry of the leopard was being outcompeted by farm animal. Outside the simple addition in livestock population, Jackson and Wangchuk found that alternate causes for the increased snow leopard predation had to make with local crowding wonts. These included negligent daylight observation, penetrable and inadequately constructed animate being pens, and croping in countries of premier snow leopard habitation. In this case, the local persons were conformable to take parting in an Appreciative Inquiry and Participatory Learning Action ( APPA ) program to assist the local community cut down and extenuate livestock loss while halting requital violent deaths. This involved accepting outside aid of some kind, the small town of Markha opted for marauder proofing their carnal pens to cut down snow leopard predation. The research worker ‘s end was to develop a sustainable program by conserving the snow leopard populations non at the disbursal of the support of the local dwellers of the Hemis National Park and cut downing one of the chief causes of HWC. Another research worker, Naho Ikeda, working in the Kanchenjunga Conservation Area ( KCA ) in Nepal looked at the effects of snow leopard predation in local small towns on the reactivity of local persons to some signifier of community action program such as the one Jackson and Wangchuk initiated in Markha. The villagers felt that an insurance or ‘compensation program ‘ would non be wholly just or realistic. Any program created without the support of the villagers would make nil to cut down the negative feelings associated with snow leopards or extenuate any harm they would do. The concluding for their uncertainties about the program revolved around the issue that they would non have adequate money for the lost farm animal to do the loss less critical and that for some households with medium to little herds any loss could be lay waste toing to their fiscal stableness. In Ikeda ‘s decisions, he suggested two things ; the community should make a program that would suit ably suit their demands and villagers with smaller flocks be taken into consideration since they can potentially endure the most.[ 10 ]These characteristics would necessitate to be addressed and corrected if any preservation program were to be implemented in this country. Otherwise the root of the HWC would simply be repressed and would take to resentment against the snow leopards and the preservation groups.Illegal Trade Case:Illegal trade in snow leopard organic structure parts, pelt, tegument, and unrecorded specimens is an industry on the rise. The trade of illegal animate beings is connected with the HWC jobs in the last subdivision but both jobs are non co-dependent or attendant. Often Herders who engage in a retaliatory violent death will seek to capitalise on the snow leopard and sell the dead specimen for its tegument, castanetss, or pelt.[ 11 ]Retaliatory killing nevertheless is non the primary motive for illegal trade in snow leopards, it is instead a simple side benefit that timeserving persons who take advantage to derive excess income. That is approximately the extent of connection between causes of HWC and illegal trade. Trafficking and trade of snow leopards was really popular in the mid 20th century and the rapid diminution that was subsequently seen in the snow leopard populations precipitated assorted international actions to protect the species. The trade in snow leopard pelt was so permeant that the International Fur Trade Federation ( IFTF ) wanted a moratorium in 1971 on the snow leopard tegument trade.[ 12 ]The snow leopard was put on CITES and CMS Appendix 1 protected species, and the Convention on Biological Diversity besides instituted protective steps for the snow leopard.[ 13 ]However these enterprises have non seen the betterment desirable for preservation attempts, in fact harmonizing to a Traffic International study issued in 2003, in some countries poaching and trafficking has been on the rise, in peculiar in Kyrgyzstan which has had a drastic addition in snow leopard violent deaths.[ 14 ]Besides harmonizing to this study there has been an addition in trade in the part of the Russia n Federation and countries of Central Asia.[ 15 ]A research worker in Baltistan, Pakistan reported snow leopards poached each winter in this country. They were trapped and beaten to decease so that no gun shooting will impair the fur of the leopard.[ 16 ]This is unreassuring for this state sing an already bing negative sentiment towards the species. China has one of the largest markets for the trade in snow leopard parts ; this can be extremely debatable since China besides has the largest population of snow leopards.[ 17 ]Snow leopard trade is commonplace in many Chinese markets and it is readily available and moneymaking for those involved. Leopard castanetss are used in traditional Chinese and Tibetan medical specialty and in assorted autochthonal rites which make trade a necessary portion for parts forbiding to these beliefs.[ 18 ]However, it is non merely China that is the perpetrator of illegal snow leopard trade. The Traffic study stated that all 12 scope provinces trade snow leopard animate beings or parts of animate beings which intimates that this is a globalized industry.[ 19 ]This market is non merely driven by local demands but has broader international beginnings. Two illustrations of this are the resuscitating fur trade in Afghanistan due to Westerners, and snow leopards that are illicitly brought into the Middle East and Europe.[ 20 ]This is particularly distressing since there are many international understandings in topographic point to forestall this from happening.Discussion/Analysis:In the Hemis National Park, the major cause of snow leopard onslaughts on local farm animal can arguably be placed at the pess of the local Herders and pastoralists. Their substructure and guarding patterns made them susceptible to snow leopard onslaughts and the disproportional sum of farm animal compared to natural herbivores made the farm animal vulnerable to snow leopard onslaught. Jackson and Wangchuk estimate a 3:1 farm animal to natural herbivore quarry ratio in the preservation countries and a potentially larger ratio difference outside the protected countries.[ 21 ]From the position of the environmentalists, the requital violent deaths would potentially be undue. However, viewed from the position of the local agro-pastoralists who are to a great extent dependent upon farm animal there is a different position. Increased Numberss of farm animal mean greater economic stableness in their families and potentially less worry sing nutrient, apparels, and protection. Being dependent upon farm animal agencies that any loss is important and can cut down families to destitution. This makes the local dwellers really vulnerable to the snow leopard populations in the country. It can be argued that from the position of the local villagers the snow leopard population jeopardizes the support and wellness of local communities if left unbridled. Jackson and Wangchuk, and several other grass root conservationists achieved a blending of the demands of both the local community and the snow leopards. By giving the villagers of Markha the financess and the assistance to construct marauder cogent evidence pens they are work outing one of the major causes of livestock depredation. With the engagement and committedness of the community in the action program, there is a feeling of ownership and regard for the snow leopards. The range of the APPA is long term with an accent on increased touristry and capitalisation of the tourer economic system. This would enable the community to increase their supports at the addition of the snow leopard communities and potentially lead to a decrease in dependance on farm animal. All of this was possible due to the reasonably conformable attitude of the villagers of Markha in the Hemis National Park and due to the specifically tailored preservation program created by Jackson and Wangchuk. However, this is non ever the instance in different countries of snow leopard habitation. Harmonizing to Shafqat Hussain, the Annapurna Conservation country and the Indian Trans-Himalayan parts had high degrees of snow leopard violent deaths.[ 22 ]A research instance done by Madan Oli et.al, in the Annapurna Conservation country showed that 59.1 % of villagers considered obliteration of snow leopard populations to be the lone solution and another 35.3 % wanted to seek obliteration ab initio followed by an alternate solution if it failed.[ 23 ]This negative attitude will straight impact preservation attempts and worsen the HWC in these countries dramatically. In these cases, the illustration of Jackson and Wangchuk could be extremely valuable. The research workers located the root cause and created an attractive solution along with a signifier of alternate income for the villagers of Markha which allowed the villagers to hold economic addition based on the endurance of the snow leopar ds. This transmutation of the job into a solution is of import in every preservation country. Acknowledging the alone circumstance of each small town and each country allows for more in-depth and sustainable solutions. There has been considerable work done late with different action programs in these developing communities that provide an insurance program for lost farm animal. Some authoritiess of scope provinces have created insurance programs for farmers/pastoralists that suffer livestock depredation due to snow leopards. These programs unluckily are normally ineffective and insufficient for the members of the program. The support is slow and unsure, the members merely receive a fraction of the market value, the procedure takes a markedly long clip, and bureaucratic issues can bog payments down.[ 24 ]The promise of recompense ends up going a larger issue and forces the members of the program to accept something less than what they were promised. This was something that Jackson and Wangchuk avoided with their APPA program. There is some sentiment among the environmentalist community that local insurance programs are really non good to local communities or wildlife. This would intend that a bulk of the local action being taken by preservation groups like The Snow Leopard Conservancy, The Snow Leopard Trust, WWF, and many others are non come oning towards the overall end of salvaging the snow leopard populations. Using an analytical theoretical account based on the clip in labour spent between different industries like farming versus hunting, a group of research workers looked into the issue of the benefits gained from insurance programs. The research workers found that when local households spend less clip runing the animate beings doing harm to their harvest or farm animal so they spend more clip agriculture. This means that increased land is being converted into farming land which creates badly negative effects for wildlife due to a farther loss of home ground.[ 25 ]The research workers suggested cert ain guidelines for preservation groups to follow that would avoid this result for illustration ; seting accent on surrogate signifiers of income coevals, punishing land transition versus funding it, and other actions that would enable a successful compensatory program for all parties. It is non clear if the ability to change over land into farming area is executable in many small towns that deal with snow leopards given the alpine tundra terrain. However, the liberating up of labour spent in relatiative violent deaths could let pastoralists to utilize more labour in increasing flock size and therefore go on the frequently skewed ratio between farm animal and natural herbivores. This could intensify the farm animal depredation issue particularly if protective steps in preservation countries allow for an addition in snow leopard population. This is non a far off decision since many rural countries are transitioning from a swap to a market based economic system with accent on commercial farm animal economic systems.[ 26 ]Given the assortment and expansivity of the snow leopard scope there are multiple countries where the direct issue of freed labour being invested into increased land transition could be an issue. It is positive to observe nevertheless that many environmentalist groups and park organisations are interested in non merely protecting the snow leopard species, but besides in enriching and easing the local communities. In the Kanchenjunga Conservation country, KWC park officers created multiple plans for local villagers that dealt with authorization of adult females and kids. These plans besides helped learn and educate villagers in different industries like run uping or accounting.[ 27 ] Attempts like the KWC plans are a critical portion of the hereafter of preservation for countries affected by snow leopard preservation. As the WPC stated at their conference in Durban, preservation countries are fast going the staying fragments of the natural home ground as human development accelerates. This is true for most countries and in peculiar, land about snow leopard preservation countries. Harmonizing to researcher Charudutt Mishra, pastoralists around the Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary have a treble addition in livestock size due to the commercialisation of the industry and the rapid development of rural communities. There has been growing of all sorts, including increased literacy rates, school building, and electricity entree.[ 28 ]All of these elements increase the quality of life for members of these communities, but the growing in population and increased industry will endanger the home grounds and preservation countries of the snow leopard. This struggle of involvement i s a beginning of HWC, as the WPC explained ; human-wildlife struggle can go a struggle between people on either side of the issue, non merely a struggle between people and animate beings.[ 29 ]This does non hold to be the sole contingency and for many preservation enterprises it will non be due to the advanced and originative attempts of communities and environmentalists. Many preservation groups are implementing plans similar to the 1 at KWC, the plans will supply more dependable and moneymaking signifiers of income for small towns affected by snow leopards. One action program was assisting local villagers create ‘parachute coffeehouse ‘ for tourers that come to trek through the part, in consequence assisting the local people garner a greater sum of income from eco-tourism.[ 30 ]These signifiers of preservation will assist make a sustainable hereafter for the snow leopards every bit good as a stable signifier of economic system for people in the plans. The trade of snow leopards on the black market has been addressed by CITES in general. In their 15th Conference of the Parties ( CoPs ) they talked about making enforcement and patroling squads in the different scope provinces of snow leopard home ground.[ 31 ]This is a critical mark for the international community that the trade in large cats is both endangering to the species and strongly discouraged. This CoP besides encouraged states still non parties to the convention to fall in it, and has resulted in authorising the enforcement of anti-trading and doing the push for preservation of the species more effectual.[ 32 ]There have besides been attempts to stem the trade in snow leopards. A assortment of research is being done by the World Wildlife Fund ( WWF ) to understand why snow leopards are being traded in certain countries and ways to halt it. Other enterprises involve a similar solution to HWC which is to supply alternate signifiers of income and to switch the economic systems of certain countries so they are non dependent on snow leopard poaching/trade. What is decidedly needed is more aggressive and intensive programs to halt black market trade of the snow leopards which continues to fund the poaching, hunting, and trading of this endangered species.Decision:The snow leopard instance is complex and multi-variable in range. This prevents implementing simple preservation programs. Both of the problem-lenses discussed in this paper are two of the most critical issues confronting snow leopards today. Both are globally influenced albeit in somewhat different methods. The trade of snow leopards is fueled by an international demand for the snow leopard organic structure parts and the ordinance of that trade is enforced by an international convention. This is similar to the state of affairs of retaliatory violent deaths which i s being addressed by international preservation groups. Outside groups and persons are invested in both of these issues and outside beginnings can be used at one time to supply a solution. Human-wildlife struggle is a really critical state of affairs because the support of persons is at interest and the holiness of wildlife militias is jeopardized. However, the attempts that have been made late demo really promising beginnings. There have been many compensation plans initiated by local authoritiess that have fallen through and that do nil to extenuate the negativeness that locals feel about snow leopards. Many countries have whole small towns that wish to see the obliteration of the snow leopard. This is a really big index that conservationists need to step up the attempts being made. The overall solution most feasible and likely to bring forth sustainable consequences entails a shifting of the economic systems of these local villagers to an surrogate industry. In countries where most villagers are Herders or pastoralists, the base of their fundss revolves around farm animal. Therefore, snow leopard onslaughts on farm animal are direct menaces to the local villagers. I f there were different income beginnings non reliant on farm animal or farming so the negativeness that is associated with snow leopards would melt. An even more well-founded solution is to utilize the endurance of the snow leopards as a mechanism to convey in money. This would wholly switch the former counter attitude of the villagers to a proactive and good position for the snow leopards. An illustration is the industry of ecotourism, which relies on homestays for trekkers and tourers to remain in while going. This besides emphasizes wildlife and the animate beings that make touristry attractive and furthers preservation. The illegal trade in wildlife has a similar decision and there have been attempts to make these positive decisions. If local dwellers who once hunted the snow leopards for trade and incomewere provided chances to hold preparation and another income bring forthing beginning so the snow leopard trade would diminish. This is kindred to the solution for relatiative violent deaths because both jobs have the same derivative causes of fiscal addition and stableness. The ability to supply nutrient for a household, supply a humane life state of affairs, and an instruction are all touchable possibilities associated with holding money. Therefore both jobs while drastically different in range have a similar solution and an apprehensible connexion can be made between the two. This is one of the chief grounds the instance of the snow leopard was chosen. It demonstrates the jobs of HWC and illegal trafficking of protected animate beings. The snow leopard faces a bombardment of onslaughts on all for eparts and the cardinal characteristics of the snow leopard crises are simple and relatable to other animate beings in similar state of affairss.