Importance of Interpersonal communications in Information...

Interpersonal communications can be a very important part of a person’s professional success. Information Technology is an industry that relies on certain areas of communication. Wendy, the person I interviewed, emphasized the importance that people in her industry must be up to date (educated) on the constant changes. Communication, gaining communication and interpersonal skills is again such an easier said than done skill for any profession. Communication is such an essential skill it could be considered a talent instinctively given to certain people. This relates to emotional intelligence, understanding your feelings that include self awareness, empathy, self confidence and self control. We discussed if there was†¦show more content†¦You need a range of communicative abilities. Some of these abilities are listening, effective and ethical communications, competence and being negotiable. Without interpersonal communication competencies, you cannot successfully write an algorithm. However, Wendy’s help eliminates the interpersonal communication gaps to bring together the deficiencies and competencies so her company can deliver the product as requested. I have written algorithms. It is a difficult task if your written instructions are not clear or you do not understand the industry. I have a personal reflection appraisal of Associated Bank’s on-line banking. My experience determined that the person(s) who developed the program for on-line banking did not have the mathematical banking competencies for delivering a supportive on-line banking program. In six months I experienced $1000 in non-sufficient funds (NSF) because of the mathematical equations used to determine the date of an actual debit. I closed my account and moved it to TCF and have never experienced or caused an NSF. Wendy has a very secure relationship with her clients. This has given her great financial gains. No matter the sexual orientation, gender or race, she manages the diversity in the IT industry with professional excellence. She is constantly gaining and using her personal knowledge for her personal growth. She has a commitment, a self discipline to be open, educated and current inShow MoreRelatedNursing Theorist, Hildegard Peplau Knew That In Order To1533 Words   |  7 Pagesnurse. Nursing is a very interpersonal career, and by forming trusting relationships with patients early in one’s nursing practice, I can provide the best care possible to meet psychosocial needs as well as treat the present illness. The benefits that creating interpersonal relationships can have on the patients’ health condition and their planned outcomes, is also a very interesting area of focus. In my opinion, many nursing students today do not understand the importance of Peplau’s th eory. 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Problem Analysis Description. Net Sales For International

Problem Analysis Description Net Sales for International Paper Company (IP) decreased from $23,617 million in 2014 to $22,365 million in 2015 (â€Å"Annual Performance Summary 2015†). While these sales decreased overall, there appeared to be a greater decrease in sales for consumer packaging than for any other department. Consumer packaging has seen a dramatic decrease in sales for the second year in a row. According to IP’s 10k, consumer packaging sales are projected to be lower than average for the first quarter in 2016 as well. Operating profit for consumer packaging went from 178 million to (25) million from 2014 to 2015. (â€Å"Annual Performance Summary 2015†). According to International Paper’s 2015 10K, the steep decline in consumer†¦show more content†¦Another possibility is that the cost of manufacturing consumer packaging goods has increased so much for IP that even an increase in demand for these products does not outweigh the cost. Insert net sales chart Income has been declining for International Paper Company in recent years. According to IP’s 10k, their income declined from 2,476 million to (1,332) million to (124) million from 2013 to 2014 to 2015 respectively. The decline in profit is mostly due to the decline in sales in recent years. Sales during the most recent quarter saw a (1.97) growth. Trailing twelve month growth compared to last year saw (7.54) growth. IP’s 4 year growth rate is at a low of (5.38) (â€Å"Financial Highlights†). While IP has negative growth, their growth is significantly less than the negative growth than industry, sector, and SP 500 (International Paper â€Å"Financial Highlights†). Since the entire industry of paper mills is facing a steep decline in growth, it is expected that IP’s sales would also decline. The market for paper products in changing, leading to a decline in sales across the board. 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Legal Factors†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 4. SWOT ANALYSIS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 5.Strategy 9 6. Recommendations 9 Read MoreRestating Revenues and Earnings at INVESTools Inc. 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Literature Review Domain Generated Algorithms Computer Vs Human

Question: Discuss about theLiterature Reviewfor Domain Generated Algorithms Computer Vs Human. Answer: Introduction: This is the literature review of the research project regarding the human generated domain name algorithm and computer generated domain algorithm. This study is about the relationship between the human and computer. In this area, internet is most important factor as it is the main connectivity to the world through the computer technology. Domain name system is the base of the internet technology. In order to use the internet technology efficiently, the domain name algorithm is very important, because the operations of the internet technology is based on the domain name system, of the websites. In this context, the efficiency of the human generated domain name and the computer generated domain algorithm need to be understood. Many researchers have worked in this area in different types of methods. In this literature review, seven different research articles have been reviewed to analyze the two types of domain name generation algorithms. Detecting Algorithmically Generated Malicious Domain Names Yadav et al. (2010), conducted research work regarding the DNS based domain fluxing. They have focused in the area of command and control where each of the Bot queries has to register for one domain name only among the available domain names. They have compared the patterns of the domain names of the human generated algorithm and that of the computer generated algorithms. According to them the alphanumeric characters generated in the domain name system are the most important components and need to have the main focus while developing the domain name algorithms. Recent botnets like Torping, Kraken and Conflicker have been analyzed in the research work to understand the malware in the domain name system. In the testing period, the researchers have checked the domain names randomly. In order to conduct the research work in the area of the domain generation algorithms, he understanding of the malicious domain names is the most important fact. This article will help to uncover the area of understanding the malicious domain names by the different types of the domain generation algorithms. Therefore, the review will help to understand the efficiency of the human and computer generated domain generation algorithms for detecting the malicious domains. Finding Domain-Generation Algorithms by Looking at Length Distributions The aim of the researcher in this study was to find out the malware, which uses the domain fluxing for circumventing the domain name blacklisting. This strategy is useful for generating the domain generation algorithms. In this research paper, the researcher has said about the procedure for discovering DGAs from Domain Name Service (DNS) query data. To identify certain malware that are responsible for evading blacklist use domain diffusion. There are certain methods used to create an innovative Domain generation algorithm (DGA) to find the domains generated by the use of algorithms. This research is being done to find out the DGAs from the data query of Domain Name Service (DNS). This system finds out the IP address with distribution which seems unusual of string lengths of second-level. This research paper defines the unidentified DGAs and the procedures used to find these algorithms. In the following procedure, results of five days of algorithm searching is done after which the fin al result has been compiled (Mowbray Hagen, 2014). By finding out the IP addresses of the domain generated algorithms, provides security to the random DNS and IP addresses by giving very less amount of information about the domain names. This article review also helps in traversing the data sets and finding out the unidentified domain names from the given set of DNS so that it can be distinguished from identified domains. Since this algorithm is automated it runs in a time frame with small chunks of time slots. This system also helps in finding the domains in a very large set of data with different dates. Story Generation with Crowd Sourced Plot Graphs Li et al. (2013), sated about the story generation algorithm for the domain name system. . It is very costly and exhaustive to create such domain sequences manually as they are not scalable. So this system of story creation identifies the correct arrangement even in the unidentified domains to give a narrative story (Li et al., 2013). This system also creates the domain samples from the defined space of the model. A survey of huge number of variables shows that this automated system creates better stories than untrained human writers. This is the future of artificial intelligence in which the system can create infinite number of stories with a given set of names, places, characters and scenarios. This system also includes the Scheherazade System of novel creation with a fictional story on the topic provided by the user. This system uses crowd sourcing which breaks down a complex job into numerous simple tasks. Another method used in Plot Graph learning which is a derivation method of other stories with the reference of which many new stories can be created. The review of this article will help to analyze the efficiency of a particular algorithm in the area of the research topic. Can an Algorithm Write a Better News Story Than a Human Reporter? According to Levy (2016), conducted research work on development of a website required different algorithm and also several types of domain. He also gave focus on how these algorithm and domains are affecting the flexibility of the development of proper website by a developer. In this particular research article, it is found that computer language and writing is known as algorithm which is different from the normal words and reading done by the human being generally. It also identified that multitude algorithm is basically available as per the demand but it is not also satisfying the effort given by the human for its development. The automatic narrative generation in the modern technology industry is creating new revaluation (Levy, 2016). Nowadays companies are using several burden related to financial earnings and projection in the form of algorithm which is narrated in the format of technological language for regulating the mentioned database. The generation of algorithm and natura l language generators are also getting complex due to the difference between the artificial call and the human intelligence. There are several rich domains like finance, sports and reporting related required new software technological platform to demonstrate their advanced patterns, which will help to understand the efficiency between the human and the computer algorithm. If an Algorithm Wrote This, How Would You Even Know? According to the research article written by Podolny (2015), is initiated the tracking and characterizing the Botnets by using automatically generated domains for creating a particular websites relaying on the modern domain generation algorithms. There are several algorithms which are automatically generated from the domain generation algorithm by focusing on the DNS traffic based on botnets communication capabilities. Generally all the systems has been used in the real world settings, whereas it is supportive for the researchers to measure the intelligence of and created domains which is belongs to botnets automatically. The evaluation and modernization of the 1,153,516 domains are applicable for the labeling the correct botnet simultaneously. There are different approaches which is provided informing that isolated AGD which is helpful for creation of DGA (Podolny, 2015). While development of and domain for a website having several challenges related to DGA modeling, data collection challenges and other lack of grounded facts. According to the overall research study, it is evaluated that improvement in the tracking and monitoring of a DGA and CC system is required. There are several limitations which is identified and omitted by the phoenix accordingly. This article review will help to understand the benefits and limitations of the computer generated algorithm, which is very important for the research work in regarding the human generated and computer generated domain name algorithms. Tracking and Characterizing Botnets Using Automatically Generated Domains There are many research papers intended to help identify whether an algorithm can make better systematic reporting platform than a human being based on the amount of mistakes. A Chicago based company has been decided to manage the loop for better online product than printing physical articles in the market. The online posted articles are operated on several websites and article publisher and with the support of this company are able to provide better news services and others (Schiavoni et al., 2013). As per the different researchers and media released it is performed that the narrative science category is basically created on the basis of customizing the proprietary artificial intelligence platform for converting the stories and articles. The narrative science is basically related to each and every aspect whether it is related to financial scenario, historical scenario or others. As per the Hammond it is explained that such kind of journals and articles basically used for food chain, financial data sharing and others information sharing activities through the medium of technology. This article is helpful for understanding the efficiency of the computer generated algorithms which is a major section of the current research work. Automatic Extraction of Domain Name Generation Algorithms from Current Malware Extraction of Domain name generation algorithms automatically from the executing malware is another system of security used on the internet. This is done by deploying botnets who not only help in espionage or spamming but also responsible for Distributed Denial of Service attacks. This research paper helps in the classification of different types of DGAs used for the automated extraction of Domain name generation algorithms so that the botnets can be found and eliminated. This system will help to contain the bot headers who control the botnets. This will also help to restrict the domain fluxing and executing the countermeasures such as previously registering the domain names to be used in future and notification can be send to the victims domain names earlier. This research classifies different types of DGAs, it proposes the solution of analysing techniques such as static and dynamic for extraction of the DGAs, it creates an extraction structure for automated DGA (Barabosch et al., 2 012). This article review will help in enhancing the security on the internet which can be compromised by the malwares and botnets who use domain names as a weapon to harm the users. Since the number of malwares on internet has increased exponentially this research will enormously help in tracking down the botnets. Conclusion: After conducting the literature review regarding the efficiency of the human developed and computer generated domain name algorithms, it can be concluded that the domain name algorithms are very vital for using the internet. The alpha numeric codes used in the domain name system are one of the most vital factors. The main identifying factor between the human generated and computer generated domain name algorithms is the ability of malicious activities detecting. References: Barabosch, T., Wichmann, A., Leder, F., Gerhards-Padilla, E. (2012, September). Automatic extraction of domain name generation algorithms from current malware. InProc. NATO Symposium IST-111 on Information Assurance and Cyber Defense, Koblenz, Germany. Levy, S. (2016).Can an Algorithm Write a Better News Story Than a Human Reporter?.WIRED. Retrieved 1 October 2016, from https://www.wired.com/2012/04/can-an-algorithm-write-a-better-news-story-than-a-human-reporter/ Li, B., Lee-Urban, S., Johnston, G., Riedl, M. (2013, June). Story Generation with Crowdsourced Plot Graphs. InAAAI. Mowbray, M., Hagen, J. (2014, November). Finding domain-generation algorithms by looking at length distribution. InSoftware Reliability Engineering Workshops (ISSREW), 2014 IEEE International Symposium on(pp. 395-400). IEEE. Podolny, S. (2015).If an Algorithm Wrote This, How Would You Even Know?.Nytimes.com. Retrieved 1 October 2016, from https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/08/opinion/sunday/if-an-algorithm-wrote-this-how-would-you-even-know.html?_r=1 Schiavoni, S., Maggi, F., Cavallaro, L., Zanero, S. (2013). Tracking and characterizing botnets using automatically generated domains.arXiv preprint arXiv:1311.5612. Yadav, S., Reddy, A. K. K., Reddy, A. L., Ranjan, S. (2010, November). Detecting algorithmically generated malicious domain names. InProceedings of the 10th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement(pp. 48-61). ACM.

Massive Monsters Essays - Beowulf, Monsters, Grendel,

Massive Monsters Massive Monster Murders The monster that they call Grendel is on the loose. He has been causing terror to many civilians in Herot for the past 12 years. Murdering and spreading blood shed all across the town. He likes to strike at night, and he will only come out at night when everybody is at rest not expecting the kill. Grendel's recent strike was on the warriors of Herot. Grendel waited for nightfall and wandered up to the hall where all the warriors had met to drink and have a good time. All the warriors were sound asleep when he got there. He knew that this was his chance. He sneaked in the hall silent as a mouse, and killed all the warriors leaving nothing but a trail of there blood. Grendel is a shady character. He has everybody wondering and waiting for his next strike. His powers are unknown. He creeps through the night without a trace and is never seen. We urge many people to move as far away as possible from Herot. If you are not in distance he will not catch you. Grendel doesn't do what he does for fun; he does it because he is obligated to do it as a monster. Poetry and Poets

Conservative Perspectives on Gun Control

Conservative Perspectives on Gun Control The second amendment to the U.S. Constitution is perhaps the most important amendment in the Bill of Rights, if not the entire document. The second amendment is all that stands in the way between American citizens and total chaos. Without the second amendment, nothing would prevent a duly elected president (who is also the nations commander-in-chief) from declaring martial law and using the nations military forces to systematically usurp and dismantle the remaining civil rights of its citizens. The second amendment is Americas greatest defense against the forces of totalitarianism. Interpretation of the Second Amendment The simple wording of the second amendment has been widely interpreted, and gun-control advocates have sought to obfuscate the language in order to further their agenda. Perhaps the most controversial aspect of the amendment, upon which gun-control advocates have rested much of their arguments is the part that reads a well-regulated militia. Those who seek to erode the amendment, claim that the right to bear arms is extended solely to militias, and since both the number of militias and the effectiveness of them have diminished since the 1700s, the amendment is now moot. Local and state government bodies have frequently sought to strip the amendment of its power by imposing draconian regulations and requirements. For 32 years, gun owners in Washington D.C. were not legally permitted to own a handgun or carry one within the districts territory. In June 2008, however, the Supreme Court ruled 5-4 that the districts law was unconstitutional. Writing for the majority, Justice Antonin Scalia observed that regardless of whether violent crime is a problem, the enshrinement of constitutional rights necessarily takes certain policy choices off the table ... Whatever the reason, handguns are the most popular weapon chosen by Americans for self-defense in the home, and a complete prohibition of their use is invalid. Perspectives of Gun Control Advocates While handguns were the issue in Washington, D.C., gun control advocates elsewhere have decried the access to and usage of fully-automatic weapons and other high-powered firearms by the general public. Theyve sought to limit or even prohibit ownership of these so-called assault weapons in a misguided attempt to protect the public. In 1989, California became the first state to pass an outright ban on fully-automatic rifles, machine guns and other firearms considered to be assault weapons. Since then, Connecticut, Hawaii, Maryland, and New Jersey have passed similar laws. One reason gun control opponents are so adamant about keeping these firearms on the open market is because the access to weapons by the American military has far outpaced the access to weapons by the American public in both number and power. If a nation is unable to defend itself against the forces of tyranny within its government because the right to bear arms is so badly eroded, it undermines the spirit and intention of the second amendment. Liberals also advocate legislation restricting the types of ammunition available for firearms, as well as the types of people who can own them. Ex-cons or people with prior mental illnesses, for example, are prohibited from owning or carrying guns in certain states, and the Brady Bill, which became law in 1994, mandates prospective gun owners undergo a five-day waiting period so local law enforcement authorities can conduct background checks. Every regulation, restriction or law that infringes upon Americans right to keep and bear arms, prevents America from being a country that is truly free.

Rivalry Between Beijing vs. Shanghai

Rivalry Between Beijing vs. Shanghai Beijing and Shanghai are arguably China’s two most famous and most important cities. One is the center of government, the other the center of modern commerce. One is steeped in history, the other is a glittering tribute to modernity. You might imagine that the two fit together like yin and yang, complimenting each other, and maybe that’s true... but they also hate each other. Beijing and Shanghai have a fierce rivalry that’s been going on for decades, and it’s fascinating. What Shanghai Thinks of Beijing and Vice Versa In Shanghai, people will tell you Beijing ren (Ã¥Å'â€"ä º ¬Ã¤ º º, â€Å"Beijingers†) are arrogant and uncouth. Although the city is host to more than 20 million people, Shanghai’s denizens will tell you they act like peasants- friendly, perhaps, but blustery and uncultured. Certainly not as refined and fashionable as Shanghaiers! â€Å"They [Beijingers] smell like garlic,† one Shanghai resident told the LA Times in an article on the rivalry. In Beijing, on the other hand, they’ll tell you that Shanghai people only care about money; they’re unfriendly to outsiders and selfish even among themselves. Shanghai men are said to place too much importance on business while being impotent pushovers at home. Shanghai women are supposedly bossy dragon ladies who push their men around whenever they’re not too busy spending their money shopping. â€Å"All they care for is themselves and their money,† a Beijinger told the LA Times. When Did the Rivalry Originate? Although China has dozens of huge cities these days, Beijing and Shanghai have played a major role in China’s culture for centuries. At the beginning of the twentieth century, Shanghai clearly had the upper hand it was the center of Chinese fashion, the â€Å"Paris of the East†, and Westerners flocked to the cosmopolitan city. After the revolution in 1949, though, Beijing became the center of China’s political and cultural power, and Shanghai’s influence waned. When China’s economy was opened up following the Cultural Revolution, Shanghai’s influence began to rise again, and the city became the heart of Chinese finance (and fashion). Of course, it’s not all macroeconomics and geopolitics. Although denizens of both cities would like to believe their cities are more influential, there is also a grain of truth to the stereotypes and jokes that get passed around; Shanghai and Beijing do have very different cultures, and the cities look and feel different. The Rivalry Today These days, Beijing and Shanghai are considered mainland China’s two greatest cities, and although the government being located in Beijing means that Beijing will probably have the upper hand for the foreseeable future, but that hasn’t stopped the two from competing. The Beijing Olympics in 2008, followed by Shanghai’s World Expo in 2010, have been a great source of fodder for comparative arguments about the virtues and faults of the two cities, and denizens of both will argue it was their city that put on the better show when they were on the world stage. Of course, the rivalry also plays out in professional sports. In basketball, a match between the Beijing Ducks and the Shanghai Sharks can be counted on to be contentious, and both teams are among the best in the league historically, though it has been more than a decade since the Sharks made an appearance in the finals. In soccer, Beijing Guoan and Shanghai Shenhua duke it out for bragging rights each year (though again, Beijing has had more recent success than Shanghai in the league). It’s unlikely that Beijingers and Shanghaiers will ever see totally eye to eye. It’s worth noting that the Beijing versus Shanghai feud sometimes even extends the ​city’s expatriate communities, so if you’re looking for a Chinese city to live in, choose wisely.

Use and analyse the use of a range of Lean tools ( Engineering Essay

Use and analyse the use of a range of Lean tools ( Engineering Business ) - Essay Example Bicheno & Holweg (2008) distinguished between four types of flexibility, namely process flexibility, product flexibility, volume flexibility and labour flexibility. These are detailed in the table below. The organisation can then devise its strategy according to the type of flexibility desired. Some other tools are histograms, Pareto charts, cause and effect diagrams, flow charts and control charts. It is pertinent to point out that strictly; lean is not merely a set of tools. Individual tools are useful for specific purposes, but they are designed to be used together in such a way that increases overall efficiency. The combination and synchronisation of tools allows for a wide range of strategic options. The improvement in competitiveness is made possible by â€Å"an end-to-end value stream† (Bicheno & Holweg, 2008). It is therefore a complete system, which involves processing for enhancing value by reducing waste. Lean tools serve to be applied such that they improve specific and overall efficiency. Mistakes could be made at any time during ordering, but most of these tend to be the result of human errors. It is important to prevent mistakes, for example because it could lead to producing defective parts, giving the wrong service, and ultimately to customer dissatisfaction. Moreover, â€Å"mistakes in one area have consequences in all others† (Nicholas & Steyn, 2008: 485). The alternative could be to make inspections but this itself is not mistake proof, and it is also an inefficient method. Preventing mistakes could eliminate the possibility of failures, and thus producing wastes. This could in turn avoid time wasting and prevent unnecessary costs. Mistakes with an order can be prevented by implementing a safety mechanism at any stage of the ordering process where mistakes would be likely to occur. The Japanese term for making processes protected from mistakes is ‘poka yoke’ (ãÆ' Ã£â€š «Ã£Æ' ¨Ã£â€š ±), which

The Arabian Peninsula Country and Sovereignty Essay

The Arabian Peninsula Country and Sovereignty - Essay Example Israel remains the only separate country on the Peninsula. The new APC has over 25% of the world’s known oil reserves in its territory. The new country is flexing its muscle and claiming its sovereign rights over the water and in the exclusive zone that overlap into other nation’s areas in the Persian Gulf, the Arabian Sea into the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. The APC has restricted the use of the airspace it is claiming to all western nations and threatens to shoot down any aircraft whether military or commercial that flies into its airspace. Further, fearing western satellites spying on its territory from space, the APC claimed territorial sovereignty above its country into space and threatens to shoot down any satellites that fly over its territory. It is unclear if the APC has the technology to fulfill this threat but there are missile exports from Russia and China that may be able to knock out a satellite in orbit. The APC has announced plan s to increase its standing army to over 50,000 troops and is beginning construction of a deepwater naval fleet to project its influence in the region. 2.0. Statement of the Problem Some of the fundamental issues pertaining to the situation are as follows. First, can the APC claim sovereignty after Yemen, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria sought to consolidate themselves into a single nation to be known as the APC? Second, what will be scope and limits of the claim on sovereignty if this is the case? Third, up to what extent can the APC claim sovereignty over its airspace and into space? Finally or fourth, what are the threats posed by the APC on the United States of America? 3.0. Proposed USA Position: Sovereignty and History/Scope in International Law Jean Bodin first systematically analyzed the doctrine of sovereignty in 1576 in the work, Six Livres de la Republique (Shaw, 21). In the Bodin notion of sovereignty, sovereig nty is only â€Å"subject to the law of God and of nature† as the â€Å"state was regarded as above the law† (Shaw, 21). In the age of enlightenment and as the early theories were influenced by the ideas of Thomas Aquinas who maintained that â€Å"Natural Law formed part of the law of God, and was the participation by rational creatures in Eternal Law,† the notion of state sovereignty may have been subject to reason or what were considered â€Å"reasonable† (Shaw, 22). Later that time, â€Å"elements of both positivism and naturalism† appeared in the work of Vattel (1714-67), a Swiss lawyer, who â€Å"introduced the doctrine of the equality of states into international law, declaring that a small republic was no less sovereign than the most powerful kingdom† (Shaw, 26). At the same time, the idea of natural laws gave way to the concept of natural rights (Shaw, 26). Shaw asserted that international law is based on the concept of the state tha t in turn â€Å"lies upon the foundation of sovereignty, which expresses internally the supremacy of government institutions and externally the supremacy of the state as the legal person† (487). Sovereignty â€Å"is founded upon the fact of territory† (Shaw, 487). Thus, according to Shaw, â€Å"without territory a legal person cannot be a state† (487). Shaw emphasized, â€Å"A state is deemed to exercise exclusive power over its territory† (Shaw, 487). The principle of territorial integrity is the foundation of

Classroom Management Observation Essay Example for Free

Classroom Management Observation Essay Did you view the elementary or secondary video? * Elementary 1. Observation and Description A. Describe the observed classroom routines.The class starts with the children removing materials from their desk to get organized. Having the children remove all materials from their desk to organize them according to size teaches the children to have respect for their property and others. Next, the children go on a classroom tour. She also discusses the procedure for signing books in and out of the classroom library. Next, she describes the procedures for if students want to borrow materials off the teacher’s desk. The students must always ask. Then, the children go over the schedule, so they know, what to expect throughout the school day. After that, the children learn the importance of attending school on a daily basis. Next, the teacher has the students’ line up. The first time students are required to line up; the teacher explains the procedure and the reason. Then the teacher discusses signing in and out procedures for going to the office, the restroom, and the nurse station. The students must sign out, print their name on the appropriate line, and circle the place they are going, then put the time, and take a pass. The students learn that they have more freedom in the third grade than second, because they no longer have to ask to get water at the water fountain and sharpen pencils, as long as there is no one else at the water fountain, or the pencil sharpener. Finally, the students learn the procedures for getting crayons and other materials. The same rules apply as long as no one is at the crayon or material station the students can go ahead and get crayons. The students must grab a basket, grab a handful of crayons for the basket, and go quietly back to their seats. This will decrease classroom interruptions and will gain a sense of trust between the students and the teacher. B. Describe the implementation methods of routines in the ob served classroom. The teacher implements the methods of routines as she would any other subject. For example, if the teacher were teaching math, she would describe it, explain it, and then have the children practice it. In the video, the teacher described to the students how they would line up, then she explained why they would line up that way, and then she let the children practice. 2. Analysis, Exploration and Reasoning A. Predict students’ level of engagement with the observed classroom routines.The students level of engagement is high the children are enthusiastic about learning what the teacher expects of them. Later in the school year, I predict that the student will have the same level of engagement as from the first day of school. The children will know what the teacher expect of them, regarding routines and procedures. The routines and procedures will become more of a habit. B. Analyze a possible purpose for the observed classroom routine. The purpose for the children removing all items from their desk and organizing them according to size is so that the children will know where all books and materials are at all times. This will decrease the amount of classroom disruptions, because the children will not have to go back and forth to their book bags and other areas of the classroom to get materials. The materials are in an organized area in the desk. 3. Connections to other teaching practices A. Explain the purpose of the observed classroom routines as they relate to the learning environment.The purpose of having the children take a classroom tour is to familiarize themselves with centers and materials so the children will know exactly where to go when they need certain things, which will cause less classroom disruptions. The observed routines relates to an improved learning environment for the classroomThe purpose for removing materials from their desk to get organized is to teach students to have respect for their pro perty, themselves, and others. Having respect for their property and others improves the learning environment because each student will strive to act in a respectable manner by having respect for themselves and their surroundings, which in turn, will decrease the amount of classroom disruptions. Next, the children go on a classroom tour. She also discusses the procedure for signing books in and out of the classroom library. Having the students sign books in and out of the classroom library teaches students the importance of returning items back to their correct placement, which relates to improving the learning environment because keeping items neat, organized in their correct placement is essential for a learning environment to thrive. Next, she describes the procedures for if students want to borrow materials off the teacher’s desk. The students must always ask. This teaches the student to never take anything without asking and again to have respect for their property and others, which in turn improves th e learning environment, if everyone ask before taking something of someone else. Next, the teacher has the students’ line up. The first time students are required to line up; the teacher explains the procedure and the reason. The teacher has the student to quie line up quietly, by size to see and account for all students as the students walk through the hall. This improves the learning environment because the teacher is responsible for the whereabouts of all students so seeing each child is important to have a successful learning environment. The students must remain quiet as they walk through the hall so they will not disturb other students. Then the teacher discusses signing in and out procedures for going to the office, the restroom, and the nurse station. Having the students sign in and out teaches how important it is to let the teacher know their whereabouts. This also teaches responsibility. It is crucial for the teacher to know the whereabouts of all students in their class at all times, having the students sign in and out keeps track of all whereabouts and the time, which improves the learning environment. The students learn that they have more freedom in the third grade than second, because they no longer have to ask to get water at the water fountain and sharpen pencils, as long as there is no one else at the water fountain, or the pencil sharpener. This creates a sense of trust between the students and the teacher, which improves behavior because the students will not want to abuse the trust. Gaining trust improves behaviors, and good behaviors improve the learning environment and give students an abundance of opportunities to learn. Finally, the students learn the procedures for getting crayons and other materials. The same rules apply as long as no one is at the crayon or material station the students can go ahead and get crayons. The students must grab a basket, grab a handful of crayons for the basket, and go quietly back to their seats. This will decrease classroom interruptions and will gain a sense of trust between the students and the teacher, which improves the learning environment. Students’ transitions many times throughout out the day, from entering school, to going to breakfast, to leaving the lunchroom, to entering class. Transitions between activities can be challenging and stressful for students, but with organization and key expectations, teachers will eliminate a lot of chaos during these transitions. K–8 Situations 1. Beginning of the day: Class is starting A. enter classroom, the children will find seat B. empty book bag, organize desk C. hangs up book bag, sit quietly wait for instructions to begin tasks 2. End of the day: Going home A. get book bag off hanger place books needed for homework in book bag B. clean up desk and area around desk C. Sit and remain quietly until the teacher calls your way of transportation 3. Transition between activities: Moving to centers A. At the signal (dims the lights) the students to end activity; students begin putting materials away for the current assignment. B. Students clean up and take out materials from next assignment C. when the teacher turns back on the light, students must be in their seat quietly ready to begin next activity. 4. Distribution of materials: Getting crayons off shelf A. makes sure no one is at crayon station B. WALK over to the crayon station, grab a basket, and take a handful of crayons C. return quietly to your desk 5. Field trip: unloading the bus A. get off the bus on the field trip, make sure you are with your partner B. listens to ALL directions C. stay in designated groups 6. Recess: Going to the gym A. Line up quietly for recess B. Walk quietly down the hall to gym or designated area for the day C. Listen for directions for activities for the day 7. Fire or disaster drills: exiting the building in the event of fire A. When the alarm sounds, the students will quickly line up in front of the door B. Listen for the teacher to call your row C. Walk quickly and quietly a line, listen for directions from your teacher What teachers do at the beginning of the school year to organize their rooms and establish a management system influences what happens throughout the rest of the year. Routines are the stamina of daily classroom life. The routines above are vital in order for your class to run smoothly. In the beginning of the day, when class is starting it is important for the children to enter class find their seat, empty book bags and organize their desk quietly so that the teacher can take attendance and notate how many children attended the class that day. At the end of the day, when the children are going home, it is important for the students to get book bag off hanger place books needed for homework in book bag, clean up desk and area around desk, sit, and remain quietly until the teacher calls your way of transportation. This is important so that all students to get home safely on the appropriate way of transportation. When transitioning between activities such as moving to centers, it is appropriate for student to end the current activity quickly to get started with the next. Time management is important throughout the school day since all activities are time-sensitive. When a student needs, materials such as crayons it is appropriate for the students to wait until the teacher call their row before proceeding to the material station. If a student needs crayons individually, then it’s important that the student make sure there is no one else at the station before he or she proceeds to get crayons. By waiting for the teacher to call your row or by making sure no one else is at the crayon station this will ensure the ease of all students getting material because this routine controls traffic flow in the classroom and will decrease classroom disruption. When the children go on a field trip and have to unload the bus it is appropriate for the students to follow all the routines so that the teacher and parent helpers can make sure all students are accounted for and no one is lost. When the children have recess and go to the gym it is appropriate that all students remain quietly and walk in a straight line so hallway traffic is controlled. The children should also remain quiet so they do not disturb other classrooms. Finally, in the event of a fire, it is appropriate that when the alarm sounds, the students will quickly line up in front of the door, listen for the teacher to call your row, walk quickly and quietly a line, listen for directions from your teacher. This will ensure the safety of all teachers and students.

Profile of a Hate Crime Offender Essay example -- Papers

Profile of a Hate Crime Offender Sterilized from emotion, hate crime, also called bias crime, is those offenses motivated in part or singularly by personal prejudice against other because of a diversity-race, sexual orientation, religion, ethnicity/national origin, or disability. Hate crimes are committed out of anger, ignorance, and lack of knowledge of another’s ideas and beliefs. There are many causes for an individual to commit a hate crime. Also, many different profiles fit the description of a hate crime offender. There are ways to prevent and control hate crimes, but they will always be present in society as long as every person has the right to express his or her opinion. The term hate crime first appeared in the late 1980’s as a way of understanding a racial incident in the Howard Beach section of New York City, in which a black man was killed while attempting to evade a violent mob of white teenagers, shouting racial epithets. Although widely used by the federal government of the United States, the media, and researchers in the field, the term is somewhat misleading because it suggests incorrectly that hatred is invariably a distinguishing characteristic of this type of crime. While it is true that many hate crimes involve intense animosity toward the victim, many others do not. Conversely, many crimes involving hatred between the offender and the victim are not ‘hate crimes’ in the sense intended here. For example an assault that arises out of a dispute between two white, male co-workers who compete for a promotion might involve intense hatred, even though it is not based on any racial or religious differences... ...Violence on College Campuses," (Baltimore: National Institute Against Prejudice and Violence, 1990). Fox, James and Jack Levin Overkill: Mass Murder and Serial Killing Exposed (New York: Dell, 1996). Freeman, Steven, "Hate Crime Laws: Punishment Which Fits the Crime," Annual Survey of American Law (New York: New York University School of Law, 1993); pp. 581-585. Hamm, Mark S. Hate Crime: International Perspectives on Causes and Control (Anderson: Cincinnati, 1994). Jacobs, James B. and Jessica S. Henry, "The Social Construction of a Hate Crime Epidemic," The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (Winter 1996); 366-391. Jacobs, James B. and Kimberly A. Potter "Hate Crimes: A Critical Perspective," Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, Ed. Michael Tonry (University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 1997).

Control System- Pressure Regulator

A type or certain group of elements that function together as a unified whole, is a system. This widened description thus gives some meaning to control systems as a whole. By re-establishing the basic principles and functions worked out, a system's limit can be extended to include little or more characteristics just as long as each singular variable contributes in a way to the particular system activity. This explains that the system does not halt interaction to other systems or peripherals. In the process industry, the term control system is sometimes normally used to specify a process, and the apparatus basically required to run the process. The system is tested with various actions so it will conform to a standard, these include; load, commands and disturbances which cause it to respond in some individual manner. A system is best made so that it will respond positively. In order for a system to act in the way prescribed is to control the system. The basic concept of comparing the measured and prescribed system performance, and then taking any action to change the process thereby minimizing errors, is called negative feedback. The system can vice-versa be called a closed-loop control system, or a negative feedback control system. To make a system automated it should be mechanized. To create the maintenance of a constant value in a control, is not the major primary objective of control; once the prescribed behavior is achieved, the control function is fulfilled. Although the use of control measure is in most cases involved with mechanical equipment, they can also be used in fields such as (e.g. in the social, biological or in different other systems). The science of achieving control, by using or not using feedback, is the method of control theory. This is applicable to system control in general. Most control systems have evolved by the practice of trial and error, for the critical design of system controls with the need for extensive analysis of two factors, the control devices and the process. 2.0 TYPES OF REGULATORS- 2.1 SIMPLE PRESSURE CONTROL SYSTEM (SELF OPERATED REGULATOR): For a typical uncontrolled system, let us say it is required for it to provide a standard pressure, P, at a given measure and that the discharge, Q2, provides for an external system, which, its need for this fluid varies. At a given time interval, the external system regulates valve No. 2 to comply with the needed specifications. The curves given in Fig 1.0 FIG 1.1 Shows the way in which it alters the process of the pressure. In earlier results in time, t1, some initial stable condition exists where, Q1 and Q 2 are of the same and the process pressure is significantly at the aimed equivalent. A level change occurs at, Q1 when time is at, t1, this reduces the fluid mass between the valves. This is followed mainly by a drop in the process pressure. For a system which is uncontrolled the pressure decline will continue until the drop over valve No. 1 is enough again to build equal flows and a new constant state functioning condition is gained. The procedure can be controlled; i.e. the suitable needed pressure can be managed if the significant rise in Q1 were gotten by increasing the opening of valve No. 1. A typical way of doing this is given in Fig 1.1. FIG 1.3 The response for the process pressure is sent to a spring opposed diaphragm that gives free way for the pressure to manoeuvre the valve. In a working mode, the contraction in the spring will be set so that at some constant state working condition the required process pressure, acting on the diaphragm section, this balances the force that the spring carries. The aimed process pressure is known as a set point. Changes from the set point which is caused by load variation will be controlled because as the process pressure differs, the matching force given back to the diaphragm will regulate the valve position to reduce the pressure variance to a certain range of value around the set point. The careful control of the pressure will rely on how big a flow change the regulator will be able to carry out for a minimal amount of pressure. The regulator flow change to process pressure change is the gain of the regulator and this will rely on the diaphragm area, the valve size, stiffness of the spring, and the general pressure drop over it. The corrective activity done by the regulator is proportional to the change of the process from its set point. Such an element is called the proportional or proportional mode, control. When using the proportional control, the corrective action can only carry on when some different outlines exist. The final pressure change needed to completely stroke the regulator is known as the proportional band and it shows around what limits the regulator can control. FIG 1.4 illustrates where the process measurement supplies the whole valve actuating force, this is known as self-operated regulators. FIG 1.5 The above demonstrates a self operated regulators made for the control of temperature, flow and level. The operation method is practically the same with the pressure regulator. They are widely used in various applications of specialty in the industrial field. 3.0 PILOT OPERATED PRESSURE REGULATOR: This regulator uses a little pilot valve assembly to aide in actuating the main valve. Generally the pilot operated pressure regulator shown in Fig 1.6 FIG 1.6 when in operation, the process pressure works on the lower side of the main diaphragm which is similar to the self operated regulator. The pilot also quantifies the process pressure and, upstream pressure as power source, changes the loading on the top side of the main diaphragm. The diaphragm serves as an amplifier, generally bearing a gain from process to loading pressure of 10 to 20 psi per psi. This is because of both feed back path ways one through the direct one and the other through the pilot, the regulators demonstrate a more complex control action than the simple proportional mode. The pilot operated regulator are available for all the four major process variables; flow, pressure level and temperature even though the direct acting path is left out in some cases. With the pilot operated regulator it is generally easier to achieve a greater regulator gain. Both the self and pilot operated regulators share similar attributes that have, in many cases, brought about some restraints. In some instances like if the fluid is corrosive, loaded with contaminants or of very high temperature, apparent issues may arise. Essentially at most one of the diaphragm casings, should, be able, to hold the maximum process pressure. The most possibly vital deficiency, from, the basis that static and dynamic elements of any specific form of process; i.e., level, pressure, etc. can differ respectively from one installation to the other so the choice of the amount of gain to be designed into a regulator without causing any sort of system instability, is made a very tasking procedure. It means that the regulator can not be altered to suit the characteristics of the process to which it has been applied. This Fig 1.7 is the block diagram of a pilot operated regulator FIG 1.7 3.1 INSTRUMENT CONTROL: The pressure control system illustrated in Fig 1.8 FIG 1.8 it surpasses all the limits considerably attached to the self and pilot operated regulators. It generally contains three detachable hardware pieces: the process controller, the control valve, and the valve actuator. Other controllers such as this stands for one of an entire family of peripherals generally referred to as instruments. The process fluid touches only the control valve and its sensing element. This is a small part which has no orifice and could get contaminated. They can be made from several types of materials to achieve high standard against corrosion and temperature. An external source for pneumatic power is used for working parts in the controller to provide clean, dry instrument air. The air supply is regulated so that the pressure is at a standard rate and that the controller and actuator are made to work with a standard pressure signal level, free of the process fluid pressure. A regular standard pressure supply is within 20 psig with a usual ranging of signal within 2 to 15 psig. They are ready for use with numerous sensing element and they give the significance of the process which is being controlled. They are commonly known as indicative controllers. To minimize trial and error the set point is normally calibrated to generally prevent subsequent start ups. The Fig 1.8 is like most pneumatic controller models, it has two levels with an adjustable measure of response and amplification around both levels. The input variable moves an end of a beam which holds the air flow through a nozzle. The pressure of the nozzle is sensitive to the point of the beam itself. The pressure of the nozzle performs on the top diaphragm of a pressure equal valve assembly that is the second amplifier level. As a result of the huge valve ports it is has the capacity to give an extreme flow progression to the actuator which works as a power amplifier. The pressure is given back to the amplifiers which moves the nozzle beams in a direction which opposes the sensing effect. Element motion ( i.e. negative feedback ). The three way valve behaves as a pressure divider and its regulation decides what amount of feedback should be consumed. Leaving the dynamics out, the controller can be seen as having a high gain movement path with a regulated gain response path. It provides only proportional control mode but its area of reach can be freely adjusted over a vast range by means of the pressure divider. The purpose of the integral mode is to remove any steady state process deviation and the reason for the deviation mode is to give an improved transient control. These modes improve the flexibility of the controller. 4.0 COMPUTER CONTROL- The reason for central control is to bring to a particular location, adequate information and hardware to allow an operator to control the plant variances, which are product yield and quality, and to manage the automated control of process variances, which are flow and temperature. In order for all duties to be carried out by the operator must have a sound knowledge of process variances, but how they should be. The adequate values for the process variances will differ as operating circumstances may be affected by things such as contamination, variations in reactants, load, changes in the products wanted or quality. The set points calculation can be made from the plant requirements and information about the plant operating elements. The early use of digital computers for process controls was for plant performance calculation the whole system works in an automated form sampling of transmitter signals. The optimizing of control and direct digital controls in Fig 1.9 FIG 1.9 Illustration of the hierarchy control as given in FIG 2.0 LLOYD, SHELSON, G AND ANDERSON, GERALD, D. 1971. Industrial Control Process. An Introduction to Hardware .1st edn. Marshaltown, Iowa: Fisher Controls Co. pp. 83-92. 5.0 CONTROL ELEMENTS- 5.1 BASIC ELEMENT: Any system can be broken down into various divisions for understanding it's rather important to consider two levels of dub divisions. The first are those components in a control loop that are manufactured, tested, purchased and even design as standalone pieces of equipments. 5.2 MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF PHYSICAL DEVICES: The mathematical representation of physical devices can be done with the use of the fundamental physical laws which include Ohm's Law Newton's Laws, flow equations, conservation of mass and energy, etc. The use of impedance is often but not always helpful when deriving a mathematical model when a system is dynamic there is a circumstance which is forcing the change. This force is always some kind of potential energy .When a change occurs that is the dynamic system which is a movement known as flux. This flux generally depends on the physical characteristics of the system. Some forms of flux are shown in Table 1.0. TABLE 1.0 Impedance shows the mathematical relationship between potential and flux, it is the ratio of an increase change in potential to an increase change in flux. EQUATION. 1 LLOYD, SHELSON, G AND ANDERSON, GERALD, D. 1971. Industrial Control Process. Basic Elements.1st edn. Marshaltown, Iowa: Fisher Controls Co. pp. 93-94. 6.0 PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM The performance of a process control system is calculated by considering the system's output to the set point. The difference between both amounts is error or system deviation .The response of a regulatory system, for a step increase in load. Many standard words are defined in the schematic and several of them are used to describe the mistakes which might occur. It is obvious that no certain way such as settling time, maximum value of transient deviation, steady- state deviation gives a measure of system performance. Different approaches methods have been used for the error index. A tank which has several sources of flow as given in Fig 2.1 can be easily described by using block diagrams and flow components. For easy understanding lets say Pc = constant. The equation for flow is: PRESSURE PROCESS STEADY FLOW (FIG 2.1) In order to illustrate the nature of a process control system consider Fig 2.2 for the control equipment has a valve, diaphragm, actuator, and a locally mounted PI measuring controller FIG 2.2 LLOYD, SHELSON, G AND ANDERSON, GERALD, D. 1971. Industrial Control Process. Process Dynamics .1st edn. Marshaltown, Iowa: Fisher Controls Co. pp. 202-204. 7.0 ACCURACY AND SENSITIVITY 7.1 ACCURACY â€Å"In general, the greatest accuracy-closest regulation-is obtained with the largest diaphragm and shortest range which will give the required control pressure. For example, a control pressure of 40 psig can be obtained with any of the three ranges in model RP-1065-A and with two of the three ranges in model RP-1066-A. Closest regulation can be expected with the 5 – 50 psi range of model RP-1066-A (size 10 diaphragm). See table for â€Å"Accuracy of Regulation.† Unbalanced port areas are not considered in the values tabulated. Small amounts of unbalance are present in single-seated 1/2†³ â€Å"A† valves and in semi-balanced double seated valves 2†³ through 4†³. Under conditions of high pressure drop, the forces opposing valve closure will influence selection of the regulator model (diaphragm size). See â€Å"Accuracy of Regulation† tabulation for actual port area unbalance† FIG 2.3 [WWW] http://www.skilenvironmental.com/documents/160_RP1065A_1066A.pdf In addition what changes can made to the diaphragm area, spring rate, orifice size, and inlet pressure, the regulator accuracy can be enhanced by simply putting a pitot tube. Internal to the regulator, the pitot tube joins the diaphragm cover with a low-pressure, high velocity region inside the regulator body. The pressure in the area will be lower than P2 when it goes downstream. By using a pitot tube to calculate the lower pressure, the regulator change in its response to any change in P2. The pitot tube tricks the regulator. 7.2 SENSITIVITY The principle of operation and loading, actuating, and control components are in all designs. Many regulators use simple wire coil springs to control the downstream pressure. Numerous size springs are used to allow regulation of the secondary pressure around a target range. The needed pressure is at the centre one-third of the rated outlet pressure range. In the lower end of the pressure range, the spring loses some sensitivity; at the high end, the spring close to it maximum capacity. Regulators can use diaphragm or piston to detect or sense downstream pressure. Diaphragms are more sensitive to pressure variations and react quicker. They can operate where sensitive pressure settings are needed (lower than 0.04 psi). Pistons generally are more rugged and give a larger effective sensing area in a particular size regulator. The functional difference between general-purpose and precision regulators is the degree of control accuracy of the output pressure. Output pressure accuracy is gotten by the droop due to flow changes (regulator characteristics). [WWW] http://machinedesign.com/article/pneumatic-pressure-regulators-1115 8.0 FEEDBACK This section will develop the performance limitations imposed by a particular load when a conventional flow control valve is utilized in the valve-actuator component. It will then show that the load versus flow characteristic of the forward loop can be modified very advantageously. Various techniques utilized in the past for this purpose, such as controlled actuator by-pass leakage and structural feedback, are compared with a new technique called dynamic pressure feedback (D.P.F.). The analytical work is fortified by reports of actual tests of a representative system. The electrohydraulic position servo can be represented by the block diagram shown in Fig 2.4. This diagram separates the valve-actuator integration from the hydraulic and structural compliance of the actuator. The diagram also represents the particular load case under discussion. The analysis of servo stability and performance is affected by the choice of position feedback location. Output position can be measured at the actuator or at the load. If the feedback is from the actuator position, the analytical task is made more difficult. However, it is apparent from the block diagram that the quantities Xp and X0 react in a proportional manner to inertia forces. It is reasonable to conclude, therefore, that the two cases should yield similar results. This discussion will be based on selection of feedback intelligence from the load position, X0, due to the relative simplicity of analysis. However, a careful comparison of this simpler case with the more difficult to analyse case of actuator feedback position has been carried out. An analogue computer was utilized for this comparison. The results of the study confirmed that the two cases are really very similar in dynamic performance achievable. The use of actuator position feedback suffers some comparative penalty statically with respect to error introduced by external (load disturbance) forces.† [WWW] http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet;jsessionid=6464D27CC3E73FAFE7C6220F352B4F85?contentType=Article&Filename=/published/emeraldfulltextarticle/pdf/1270320604.pdf FIG 2.4 [WWW]http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet;jsessionid=6464D27CC3E73FAFE7C6220F352B4F85?contentType=Article&Filename=/published/emeraldfulltextarticle/pdf/1270320604.pdf 9.0 PRESSURE MEASUREMENT â€Å"Fluid pressure can be defined as the measure of force per-unit-area exerted by a fluid, acting perpendicularly to any surface it contacts (a fluid can be either a gas or a liquid, fluid and liquid are not synonymous). The standard SI unit for pressure measurement is the Pascal (Pa) which is equivalent to one Newton per square meter (N/m2) or the KiloPascal (kPa) where 1 kPa = 1000 Pa. In the English system, pressure is usually expressed in pounds per square inch (psi). Pressure can be expressed in many different units including in terms of a height of a column of liquid. CONVERSION UNITS FOR COMMON UNITS OF PRESSURE (TABLE 2) PRESSURE TERMS RELATIONSHIP (FIG 2.5) Table lists commonly used units of pressure measurement and the conversion between the units. Pressure measurements can be divided into three different categories: absolute pressure, gage pressure and differential pressure. Absolute pressure refers to the absolute value of the force per-unit-area exerted on a surface by a fluid. Therefore the absolute pressure is the difference between the pressure at a given point in a fluid and the absolute zero of pressure or a perfect vacuum. Gage pressure is the measurement of the difference between the absolute pressure and the local atmospheric pressure. Local atmospheric pressure can vary depending on ambient temperature, altitude and local weather conditions. The U.S. standard atmospheric pressure at sea level and 59à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½F (20à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C) is 14.696 pounds per square inch absolute (psia) or 101.325 kPa absolute (abs). When referring to pressure measurement, it is critical to specify what reference the pressure is related to. In the English system of units, measurement relating the pressure to a reference is accomplished by specifying pressure in terms of pounds per square inch absolute (psia) or pounds per square inch gage (psig). For other units of measure it is important to specify gage or absolute. The abbreviation .abs' refers to an absolute measurement. A gage pressure by convention is always positive. A .negative' gage pressure is defined as vacuum. Vacuum is the measurement of the amount by which the local atmospheric pressure exceeds the absolute pressure. A perfect vacuum is zero absolute pressure. Fig 2.5 shows the relationship between absolute, gage pressure and vacuum. Differential pressure is simply the measurement of one unknown pressure with reference to another unknown pressure. The pressure measured is the difference between the two unknown pressures. This type of pressure measurement is commonly used to measure the pressure drop in a fluid system. Since a differential pressure is a measure of one pressure referenced to another, it is not necessary to specify a pressure reference. For the English system of units this could simply be psi and for the SI system it could be kPa. In addition to the three types of pressure measurement, there are different types of fluid systems and fluid pressures. There are two types of fluid systems; static systems and dynamic systems. As the names imply, a static system is one in which the fluid is at rest and a dynamic system is on in which the fluid is moving†. [WWW] http://www.scribd.com/doc/2339144/Understanding-Pressure-and-Pressure-Measurement 10.0 CONTROLLERS The major use of controllers is to detect errors in the variables and to create error correction messages that which is caused by the error. To complete this task the controller design must have an adjustable set point that can be comparison to the process variable. The error that is given is sent as a response for needed action to be carried out. The block diagram is given in Fig . The input could be as an input from the transmitter, which happens in the situation involving a receiver-controller. A three mode controller transfer function likely should be as given in the equation , the static gain has been resolved in two perspectives ; K is the nominal output and input spans and this would normally n=be unity for a receiver controller, and Kc is an adjustable measurement known as proportional gain. EQUATION. 2 The three modes stated above give the derivative, integral, and proportional modes respectively. FIG 2.6 Simpler controller designs employing one or two modes are often used. The basic combinations are P- Proportional only I- Integral only PI- proportional plus integral PD proportional plus derivative PID proportional plus integral plus derivative The transfer function may be derived from EQUATION. 2 by eliminating the appropriate terms. In the self operated regulator the actuator, controller and sensor are normally the same thing and with the same element. The controller has no other than the set point and has fixed gain and practically no adjustments. The transfer function is taken as: EQUATION. 3 Considering an example with a regulator with a set point of 5 psig and a flow capacity of 0.6, a temperature of 60 degree (Fahrenheit) and a pressure of 5 psig. The off set flow capacity will be 20 percent. The density can be determined with the use of the equation of state of a perfect gas as shown below: CALCULATION .1 LLOYD, SHELSON, G AND ANDERSON, GERALD, D. 1971. Industrial Control Process. Control Components .1st edn. Marshaltown, Iowa: Fisher Controls Co. pp. 115 – 148. 11.0 INPUT AND OUTPUT â€Å"This simple valve model has three states: OPEN, WORKING, and CLOSED. As the valve is the only component of the pressure-regulator that has state, the composite device, likewise, has only three states: [OPEN], [WORKING], and [CLOSED]. Suppose the input pressure is decreasing and the pressure-regulator is in state [WORKING], then dXFp = +, which causes A, the cross-sectional area available for flow to increase. This raises the possibility that A

Human Resource Outsourcing in India Essay

This article attempts to discuss HRO in Indian context and the possible future of HRO in the Indian business scenario. Certain preparatory actions are also prescribed to effectively used HRO as a strategic business tool. HRO – HRM Architecture: Today, as we have moved into service – economy, dealing with knowledge and knowledge workers is very important as human capital has become a critical success factor for organizations. HRM is seen as a distinct identity, separate from Administration and Facilities section of the establishment. This can be clearly seen from the importance being given to HRM Architecture. In addition to the traditional roles for HR, over the years, in the IT and ITes sectors, distinct roles have emerged such as corporate HR, business HR, generalist HR, techno – functional HR, etc. The job holders in these roles are expected to give different â€Å"deliverables† as related to their functional aspects. It is pertinent to note that a 1998 survey by center for effective organization at university of southern California’s Marshal School of business shown that 79% of HRM managers describe themselves as â€Å"business partners† and 53% of line managers agreed that HR managers are now performing the roles of business partners. Thus, today HRM is getting well embodied into business functions such as marketing, finance or operations. This can be, in a way, considered as a starting point of HRO, because, from this, emerges the need for HR function to work smart for business results – whether by doing functions and activities all on their own, or by getting some of them done through outsourcing. Additionally, it also puts pressure on HR function to find â€Å"partners† who can â€Å"take over† specific transactions and processes at a lower cost. In this way, HR will get focused on â€Å"tangible† results (which was one of the complains against HR in the past). Thus, to some extent, it will help free up time for core-HR activities that result in improvements which positively influence the bottom line. A word of caution though that it may not â€Å"free up† time, and should not free up too much time. After all, HR is essentially a personal touch button of the organization and too much outsourcing might result in lack of personal touch and decreased human interaction which may frustrate the employees. HRO Evolution: HRO is always an evolutionary exercise for the organization. Initially, companies are reluctant to outsource, they prefer to do every act in the own backyard. As the organization grows in terms of its life cycle, slowly, â€Å"experimentation† phase will begin when they start outsourcing certain simple transactions or processes. Sometimes, they may even take a parallel run with the vendor. When the experience is positive and as they make progress, companies may make decisions to penetrate further into the HRO space. According to Everest Research institute’s annual HRO study, the most commonly outsourced HR functions include: †¢Pay roll †¢Benefits †¢Employee data management †¢Info systems †¢Contact centers. As the companies find that there are substantial benefits from outsourcing, they feel attracted to go in for deeper penetration. Thus, it is possible to categorize companies adopting different levels of HRO in their organization. (See Table 1) Table 1 LevelActivities OutsourcedType of HROBenefits 1Admin services, pay – roll, pension, PF mgt. , etc, temporary staffingTransactionCost efficiency 2L1 + training, new employee induction and executive searchProcess†¢Standardization †¢Cost †¢Replication of good practices 3L1 + L2 + campus hiring, online assessments, HR audits, employee surveys etc. Function†¢Quality †¢Cost, benchmarking etc. HRO in Indian Business The debate on HRO in India still hovers around the following questions: ‘Has HRO really arrived in India? ’ ‘Are we missing the HR outsourcing bus? ’ ‘Should companies outsource their HR functions? ’ We also seem to be aware that â€Å"The New Mantra is HR Outsourcing† In this maze of debates and arguments, some facts need to be cleared. â€Å"HR outsourcing in India has not seen the required momentum and is limited to trickle effect, with companies outsourcing a few selected, low end HR processes† – Says Anil Mahajan in an interview for an article on HRM. In India, most common outsource processes are related to training, pay – roll processing, benchmarks studies and legal compliance. Some HR consultants feel that in Indian HRO scene, quality is an issue. It is reported that some MNC’s wanted to outsource end to end HR solutions, but could find a suitable vendor and hence decided to set up its own outsourcing centre. While many experts in the field believe that there is a good scope for HRO in India, it is a fact that our present share in the global market of US $ 80 bn. is only a minuscule. Estimates show that size of HR outsourcing in India is about US $ 2. 5 – 3. 5 bn. But another study shows flat markets in HRO world wide between 2005 – 2007 but 2008 promises to be different! In the flat world of today, as India becomes more and more global in business and economy it will be a compelling need for companies to resort to outsourcing in the interest of survival and growth. Thus, even though, as of now, HRO in India has not caught up sufficiently time is right for making rapid strides to catch up and make best use of the opportunities presented by the wave of HR outsourcing. HRO as Double – edged Weapon: In India, we are fortunate to have the double advantage of HRO as we all know, HRO operates in an environment where there are abundant takers and abundant givers. HRO activities have two edges – one as the service provider and another as a client who is outsourcing the process / transaction. At present many Indian companies are acting as service providers as a natural step, India with its vast millions of English speaking, trainable youth who are willing to learn and serve clients as and idle platform to take on the HRO wave. Thus, India may finally become the outsourcing centre for HR services. The growth in the HRO itself may trigger further developments. Any HRO companies may, in turn, begin to outsource some of their process to another service provider. Thus, a virtuous HRO business cycle may get activated. After all, â€Å"We Are All in Services Now† (Prof. James Teboul). According to him, the process, people and credibility are 3 key elements in the making of value proposition. People interaction may place a sort of limitation on HRO spreading without a human face! The basic tenet of HR philosophy should be that HRO must be implemented with utmost regard to â€Å"Human face† of activities being outsourced. This is because of the uniqueness of the HR issues. There cannot be a straightjacket solution for all human issues hence human interaction element needs to be always kept in mind and given a priority. We need to get over certain drawbacks as a community of employers in order to benefit from the HRO wave. If we have to shape up, good future we need to know aht we should to and what we should not so that our progress is never stalled. Hence, it is necessary to appreciate the barriers identified for the spread of HRO in our country. The following are some of the barriers identified in literature on the subject: †¢Cultural shift and top management thinking †¢Confidentiality and cost factors †¢Lack of awareness on cost-to-benefit equation of HRO †¢Quality of end results. A word or two about each of these barriers will clear the aspect. Cultural shift requires us to trust and be trusted. The two parties’ involved, namely service provider and client, need to trust each other not only about confidentiality but also about the capability to delay it. Many employers and top management feel that it is better to have own HR persons dealing with all the issues instead of outsourcing. Reasons may be many for such outlook, but there is a need to change in order to think professionally and ethically. If we can trust an advocate or a doctor or the tax consultant, why not HR service provider? Confidentiality and cost factors relate to the ability of HR service provider to handle information professionally and confidentially. Ethics both personal and corporate – play a great role. If we think proper work ethics can be created through good leadership, we need to develop and nurture such leaders appropriately. Lack of awareness among persons about cost / benefit equation needs to be overcome by education right from the top level to look at HRO as a hard core business option and to quantify the benefits correctly. Lastly, quality issues need to be addressed again through building a quality culture by following the total quality management (TQM) practices. Internal and external customer orientation among all and education and training for all on TQ practices and bring about improvement in quality. The Indian experience of TQM is quite satisfactory in this regard and there is a bright chance of success for improving the quality aspects of HRO. Preparatory Activities: While is it necessary to be clear about changes that we need to make on an individual or a company basis, it is equally important to focus on the preparations needed by us a community of service economy. For any service economy to grow, especially in the network era of today, there is a need for adequate preparation so that ultimately, the environment of business responds favorably to the needs of the market. In this regard, certain preparatory activities have to be undertaken immediately. The various activities for this purpose can be broadly classified as: †¢Infrastructural †¢Educational †¢Business/ operational †¢Social Under each of these, there are various elements that have to be taken under consideration. The following matrix will show these points clearly. As most of these items are self explanatory in nature, a detailed description of individual items is not done in this article. However, it has to be emphasized that these sub elements are very important contributions to the climate of HRO in a microeconomic sense. The elements given in the matrix are only illustrative and are not exhaustive. Preparatory activities needed for HRO Infrastructural / Technical †¢Telecommunications and network accessibility †¢Roads †¢TransportEducational – Training Related †¢Curriculum in colleges †¢HRO training centers †¢E – Learning transactions / process Counseling centers Business Related †¢Performance parameters †¢Quality measures †¢Feedback †¢Relationships / Cultural sensitivitySocial †¢Quality of the work – Life balance †¢Stress management †¢Time management †¢Security at workplace Conclusion: In conclusion, it may be said that HRO is going to slowly but stead ily become a part of business strategy. HR professionals will drive the initiatives of HRO, of course with support from top management. The time is now ripe for HRO to succeed in view of HRM being seen and treated as an important element of business resources in the service economy of today. Certain new roles have emerged which confirm this position. Though the Indian share of the revenue pie today is very small, there is a very good possibility of our riding high on the HRO wave that is round the corner. As a community, it is necessary to identify barriers and identify the changes or adjustments we need to make as individuals and companies. As HRO operates as a subset of BPO and overall business environment, certain preparatory steps need to be taken as a community in general. With all this, it is possible to ride high on HRO wave in the next few years.

Amino Acids Characteristics and Structures

Amino Acids Characteristics and Structures Amino acids are a type of organic acid that contains both a carboxyl group (COOH) and an amino group (NH2). The general formula for an amino acid is given below. Although the neutrally-charged structure is commonly written, it is inaccurate because the acidic COOH and basic NH2 groups react with one another to form an internal salt called a zwitterion. The zwitterion has no net charge; there is one negative (COO-) and one positive (NH3) charge. There are 20 amino acids derived from proteins. While there are several methods of categorizing them, one of the most common is to group them according to the nature of their side chains. Nonpolar Side Chains There are eight amino acids with nonpolar side chains. Glycine, alanine, and proline have small, nonpolar side chains and are all weakly hydrophobic. Phenylalanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, and methionine have larger side chains and are more strongly hydrophobic. Polar, Uncharged Side Chains There are also eight amino acids with polar, uncharged side chains. Serine and threonine have hydroxyl groups. Asparagine and glutamine have amide groups. Histidine and tryptophan have heterocyclic aromatic amine side chains. Cysteine has a sulfhydryl group. Tyrosine has a phenolic side chain. The sulfhydryl group of cysteine, phenolic hydroxyl group of tyrosine, and imidazole group of histidine all show some degree of pH-dependent ionization. Charged Side Chains There are four amino acids with charged side chains. Aspartic acid and glutamic acid have carboxyl groups on their side chains. Each acid is fully ionized at pH 7.4. Arginine and lysine have side chains with amino groups. Their side chains are fully protonated at pH 7.4.

Biography of James Monroe, Fifth U.S. President

Biography of James Monroe, Fifth U.S. President James Monroe (April 28, 1758–July 4, 1831) was the fifth president of the United States. He fought with distinction in the American Revolution and served in the cabinets of Presidents Thomas Jefferson and James Madison before winning the presidency. He is best remembered for creating the Monroe Doctrine, a key tenet of United States foreign policy, which warned European nations against intervening in the Western Hemisphere.  He was a staunch anti-Federalist. Fast Facts: James Monroe Known For:  Statesman, diplomat, founding father, the fifth president of the United StatesBorn:  April 28, 1758 in Westmoreland County, VirginiaParents: Spence Monroe and Elizabeth JonesDied:  July 4, 1831 in New York, New YorkEducation: Campbelltown Academy, the College of William and MaryPublished Works:  The Writings of James MonroeOffices Held: Member of the Virginia House of Delegates, member of the Continental Congress, U.S. senator, minister to France, governor of Virginia, minister to Britain, secretary of state, secretary of war, president of the United StatesSpouse: Elizabeth KortrightChildren: Eliza and Maria HesterNotable Quote: Never did a government commence under auspices so favorable, nor ever was success so complete. If we look to the history of other nations, ancient or modern, we find no example of a growth so rapid, so gigantic, of a people so prosperous and happy.   Early Life and Education James Monroe was born on April 28, 1758, and grew up in Virginia. He was the son of Spence Monroe, a  well-off planter and carpenter, and Elizabeth Jones, who was well educated for her time. His mother died before 1774, and his father died soon after when James was 16. Monroe inherited his fathers estate. He studied at Campbelltown Academy and then went to the College of William and Mary. He dropped out to join the Continental Army and fight in the American Revolution. Military Service Monroe served in the Continental Army from 1776–1778 and rose to the rank of major. He was aide-de-camp to Lord Stirling during the winter at Valley Forge. After an attack by enemy fire, Monroe suffered a severed artery and lived the rest of his life with a musket ball ​lodged beneath his skin. Monroe also acted as a scout during the Battle of Monmouth. He resigned in 1778 and returned to Virginia, where Governor Thomas Jefferson made him Military Commissioner of Virginia.   Political Career Before the Presidency From 1780–1783, Monroe studied law under Thomas Jefferson. Their friendship was the springboard for Monroes swiftly rising political career. From 1782–1783, he was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates. He then became a delegate to the Continental Congress (1783–1786). In 1786, Monroe married  Elizabeth Kortright. They had two daughters together,  Eliza and Maria Hester, and a son who died in infancy. Monroe left politics briefly to practice law, but he returned to become a U.S. senator and served from 1790–1794. He had a short tenure in France as a minister (1794–1796) and then was recalled by Washington. He was elected Virginia governor (1799–1800; 1811). President Jefferson sent him to France in 1803 to negotiate the Louisiana Purchase, a key achievement of his life. He then became minister to Britain (1803–1807). In President Madisons cabinet, Monroe served as secretary of state (1811–1817) while concurrently holding the post of secretary of war from 1814–1815, the only person in U.S. history to have served both offices at the same time. Election of 1816 Monroe was the presidential choice of both Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. His vice president was Daniel D. Tompkins. The Federalists ran Rufus King. There was very little support for the Federalists, and Monroe won 183 out of 217 electoral votes. His victory marked the death knell for the Federalist Party. First Term of Presidency James Monroes administration was known as the Era of Good Feelings. The economy was booming and the War of 1812 had been declared a victory. The Federalists posed little opposition in the first election and none in the second, so no real partisan politics existed. During his time in office, Monroe had to contend with the First Seminole War (1817–1818), when Seminole Indians and escaped slaves raided Georgia from Spanish Florida. Monroe sent  Andrew Jackson  to rectify the situation. Despite being told not to invade Spanish-held Florida, Jackson did and deposed the military governor. This eventually led to the Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) where Spain ceded Florida to the United States. It also left all of Texas under Spanish control. In 1819, America entered its first economic depression (at that time called a Panic). This lasted until 1821. Monroe made some moves to try and alleviate the effects of the depression. In 1820, The Missouri Compromise admitted Missouri into the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state. It also provided that the rest of the  Louisiana Purchase  above latitude 36 degrees 30 minutes was to be free. Re-Election in 1820 and Second Term Despite the depression, Monroe ran unopposed in 1820 when he ran for re-election. Therefore, there was no real campaign. He received all electoral votes save one, which was cast by William Plumer for John Quincy Adams. Perhaps the crowning achievements of Monroes presidency occurred in his second term: the Monroe  Doctrine, issued in 1823. This became a central part of American foreign policy throughout the 19th century and to the current day. In a speech before Congress, Monroe warned European powers against expansion and colonial intervention in the Western Hemisphere. At the time, it was necessary for the British to help enforce the doctrine. Along with  Theodore Roosevelt’s  Roosevelt Corollary and  Franklin D. Roosevelt’s  Good Neighbor policy, the Monroe Doctrine is still an important part of American foreign policy. Post Presidential Period Monroe retired to Oak Hill in Virginia. In 1829, he was sent to and named the president of the Virginia Constitutional Convention. After his wifes death, he moved to New York City to live with his daughter. Death Monroes health had been declining throughout the 1820s. He died of tuberculosis and heart failure on July 4, 1831 in New York, New York. Legacy Monroes time in office was known as the Era of Good Feelings due to the lack of partisan politics. This was the calm before the storm that would lead to the Civil War. The completion of the Adams-Onis Treaty ended tensions with Spain with their cession of Florida. Two of the most important events during Monroes presidency were the Missouri Compromise, which attempted to solve a potential conflict over free and slave states, and his greatest legacy the Monroe Doctrine, which continues to influence American foreign policy. Sources Ammon, Harry. James Monroe: The Quest for National Identity. Mcgraw-Hill, 1971.Unger, Harlow G. The Last Founding Father: James Monroe and a Nations Call to Greatness. Da Capo Press, 2009.